ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CONTENTSLIST OF CHARTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF MAPS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION ..1 1.1 Background. 1 1.1.1 Current status of SWM in India 1 1.1.2 Initiatives to improve SWM ..1 1.1.3 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) ..2 1.1.4 Twelfth Finance Commission Recommendations 2 1.2 Need 3 1.3 MCA The Study Area 3 1.4 Aim .4 1.5 Objectives 4 1.6. Methodology 4 1.7 Scope and limitations .5 1.8 Structure of the Report 6 2. LITERATURE STUDY..7 2.1 What is waste?..- .7 2.1.1 Waste Cycle ..7 2.1.2 Principles of Solid Waste Management 7 2.2 Resource Recovery ..8 2.2.1 Elements of Enhanced SWM Financing and Cost Recovery. ..9 2.2.2 Key Needs and Actions .10 2.3 Case study 1: Rajkot .11 2.3.1 Present Situation 11 2.3.2 Cost recovery .12 2.3.3 Problems ..13 2.3.4 Recommendations .13 2.4 Case Study 2: NGO Participation in Lucknow 13 2.5 Case Study 3: Zero Waste Cities: Kovalam 17 2.6 Legal Framework .22 2.7 International Experience .25 2.7.1 Recurrent Cost Recovery ..26 2.7.2 Linkage to SWM Policy 26 2.7.3 Expenditures on SWM 27 2.7.4 Linkage between SWM Policy, Financing and Cost Recovery 28 2.7.5 Financing ..29 2.7.6 Private Sector Participation ..31 2.7.7 Affordability ..33 2.7.8 Lessons Learned 34 2.7.9 Transitioning to New Financing and Cost Recovery Structures .36 3. ALLAHABAD CASE: AN OVERVIEW .. 38 3.1 Location 31 3.1.1 Introduction ..38 3.1.2 Geographic characteristic ..38 3.1.3 Connectivity .38 3.2 Demographic Profile ..40 3.2.1 Introduction ..40 3.2.2 Demographic Trends ..41 3.2.3 Population Densities ..41 3.3 Social Characteristics .43 3.3.1 Cultural Features .43 3.3.2 Kumbh Mela .43 3.4 Tourism Inflow .45 3.5 Slums Profile 46 3.6 Landuse Pattern 47 3.7 Physical Infrastructure 48 3.7.1 Roads 49 3.7.2 Storm water Drains 49 3.7.3 Sewage Drains .49 3.7.4 Water Supply System 49 3.7.5 Electricity 50 3.7.6 Industries .50 3.8 Social Infrastructure 51 3.8.1 Academic Institutions .51 3.8.2 Hospitals..51 3.8.3 Hotels and Restaurants ..51 3.8.4 Fruit and vegetable market 52 3.8.5 Slaughter Houses 52 3.8.6 Parks and Garden 52 3.9 Financial Status of Allahabad Nagar Nigam 52 4. EXISTING SITUTAION OF SWM 57 4.1 Waste Generation 57 4.1.2 Sources of waste generation 57 4.1.2 Total waste quantity 57 4.1.3 Projection of waste generation .58 4.1.4 Management of household waste .58 4.1.5 Waste management of Hospitals ..60 4.1.6 Waste management of Hotels and restaurants ..61 4.1.7 Waste of Slaughter houses 61 4.1.8 Street Sweeping ..62 4.1.9 Drain silt 63 4.1.10 Construction Waste .63 4.1.11 Recyclable waste ..64 4.2 Total quantity and Waste Characteristics 64 4.3 Components of Waste Management system ..66 4.3.1 MSW Collection 66 4.3.2 Transportation System 67 4.3.3 Manpower engagement in MSW ..68 4.3.4 Public Awareness program 68 4.4 waste processing and disposal 68 4.4.1 Recyclable waste 68 4.4.2 Bio-degradable waste .69 4.4.3 Non-Bio degradable waste 69 4.4.4 Waste Disposal sites 69 4.5 Gap Analysis 72 4.5.1 Segregation at source .72 4.5.2 Primary Collection 72 4.5.3 Secondary Collection ..73 4.5.4 Transportation .73 4.5.5 Other issues .73 5. SWM DEMAND ASSESSMENT .76 5.1 Required Infrastructure 76 5.1.1 Primary Collection System ..76 5.1.2 Secondary Waste storage System.82 5.1.3 Waste Transportation System 91 5.2 Waste Processing Options92 5.3 Financial Framework .95 6. COST RECOVERY MECHANISM :A CASE OF RAJKOT 97 6.1 Storage at source 97 6.2 Segregation of recyclable and bio degradable waste 97 6.3 Primary collection of waste .98 6.4 Sweeping of street and public areas .98 6.5 Provision of littering bins 99 6.6 Transportation of waste .99 6.7 Processing and disposal of waste .99 6.8 Institutional Framework ..100 7. COST RECOVERY MECHANISM AND RECOMMENDATIONS .. 101 7.1 Storage at source 101 7.2 Segregation of recyclable and bio degradable waste 103 7.3 Primary collection of waste 104 7.4 Sweeping of street and public areas 106 7.5 Provision of littering bins 107 7.6 Transportation of waste 107 7.7 Processing and disposal of waste 108 7.8 Proposed institutional Framework .109 REFERENCES ..- 111 APPENDIX ..- 112