CERTIFICATE- I UNDERTAKING- II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..- .. III CONTENTS..- IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..- ..VI CHAPTER 1..- 1 INTRODUCTION ..- .. 1 1.1 URBAN TRANSPORT SCENARIO IN INDIA..- 1 1.1.1 OVERVIEW OF LEGISLATION, INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND POLICY INSTRUMENTS FOR URBAN TRANSPORT IN INDIA..- .. 4 1.1.2 BUS TRANSPORT: BUS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM .. 8 1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY ..- 9 1.2.1 IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES..- .. 10 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND APPROACH- .. 12 1.3.1 AIM ..- 12 1.3.2 OBJECTIVES ..- .. 12 1.3.3 APPROACH ..- 12 1.3.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ..- 13 1.3.5 CHAPTER SCHEME..- 13 CHAPTER 2..- 14 REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE- .. 14 2.1 AN OVERVIEW OF METROPOLITAN TRANSPORT AUTHORITIES .. 14 2.1.1 MTA IN LARGE CITIES OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES- .. 15 2.1.2 MTA IN MEDIUM SIZED CITIES OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES .. 19 2.1.3 STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR MTA ..- . 20 2.2 URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT FINANCING & SUBSIDY.. 21 2.2.1 SOURCES OF TRANSPORT SUBSIDY WORLDWIDE- . 23 2.3 TRANSPORT SERVICES REGULATION- .. 25 2.3.1 RESTRUCTURING PUBLIC TRANSPORT ORGANIZATIONS .. 26 CHAPTER 3..- 31 APPROACH TO BRTS - REVIEW OF SELECT PRACTICES.. 31 3.1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES ..- . 34 3.2 SYSTEM PLANNING ..- .. 37 3.3 PLANNING & MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY- . 43 3.4 PERFORMANCE MONITORING- .. 46 3.5 FARE STRUCTURE AND REVENUE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.. 47 3.6 LESSONS FOR INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF BRTS .. 51 Organization Structuring for BRTS ..- .. 52 CHAPTER 4..- 54 EVALUATING PUBLIC TRANSPORT DELIVERY IN INDIAN CITIES 54 4.1 URBAN TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT- . 54 Central Government and National Organizations 54 State Government Organizations and Agencies- .. 55 Local Government Bodies and Agencies- 55 4.1.1 PUBLIC TRANSPORT ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE IN SELECT CITIES .. 56 4.1.2 TECHNICAL SKILLS IN LOCAL BODIES ..- 59 4.1.3 PUBLIC TRANSPORT FINANCING AND SUBSIDY.- . 62 4.1.4 TRANSPORT SERVICES REGULATION- 62 4.2 BRTS IN INDIAN CITIES..- .. 64 4.2.1 CITIES WITH BRTS IN IMPLEMENTATION/ OPERATIONAL PHASE 64 Risk profile of BRTS planning, implementation and management 64 4.2.2 CITIES WITH BRTS IN PLANNING PHASE..- 66 4.2.3 LESSONS FROM IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES OF VARIOUS CITIES 66 4.3 LEGAL ASPECTS OF BRTS- 68 4.3.1 LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR CREATION OF SPV ..- .. 68 4.3.2 DO WE NEED A BRT ACT?- . 69 Useful Provisions from the Delhi Metro Railways Act . 69 CHAPTER 5..- 70 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INDIAN SITUATION- . 70 5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR URBAN TRANSPORT. 70 5.1.1 MTA ARRANGEMENTS FOR INDIA..- 70 5.1.2 TRANSPORT SERVICES REGULATION- 72 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BRTS ..- .. 74 5.2.1 REGULATORY ARRANGEMENTS FOR BRTS- 74 5.2.2 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR BRTS- 77 5.2.3 FINANCIAL VIABILITY FOR BRTS- 78 5.2.4 FARE INTEGRATION STRATEGY- 78 5.2.4 RELEVANT PROVISIONS FOR BRTS OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT .. 80 REFERENCES ..- . 81 ANNEXURE I LIST OF PEOPLE MET- 83 ANNEXURE II LESSONS FOR BRTS PLANNING AND OPERATIONS. 84 Service Planning ..- .. 84 Infrastructure Development and Maintenance- .. 84 Bus Procurement & Operations- 84 Revenue Collection and Distribution ..- . 85 Revenue and Route Sharing ..- 86 Performance and Service Monitoring- 86 Quality Control of Service ..- .. 86 ANNEXURE III ROLE OF URBAN TRANSPORT INSTITUTIONS IN SELECT CITIES ANNEXURE IV REASONS FOR BUS NATIONALIZATION IN INDIA, SUBSEQUENT REFORMS AND IMPACTS..- .. 91 ANNEXURE V BRTS IMPLEMENTATION IN SELECT CITIES .. 96