Abbreviations used (iv) Acknowledgements (v) List of figures & maps (vi) List of tables (vi) List of plates (vi) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Need for development in the urban sector. 1.2 Initiatives of the Government of India in the urban sector 1.3 Critical views from the civil society 1.4 Need for study 1.5 Aim and objectives 1.6 Methodology and analytical framework 1.7 Scope and limitations Notes and references 2. URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT SCHEME FOR SMALL 8 AND MEDIUM TOWNS (UIDSSMT) 2.1 Project development cycle for municipal services projects under UIDSSMT 2.2 Urban infrastructure development in Gujarat state 2.3 Existing institutional structure under UIDSSMT 2.4 Limitations in the UIDSSMT program framework 2.5 Maps and Figures Notes and references 3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN MUNICIPAL SERVICES 19 PROJECTS 3.1 Sector-wise generic impacts of sub projects 3.1.1. Generic issues Sewerage and sanitation 3.1.2. Generic issues Roads and transport 3.1.3. Sub-project wise issues - Water supply 3.2 Detailed study of issues in water supply distribution projects 3.3 Maps and Figures Notes and references 4. CASE STUDIES OF OTHER URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS 29 4.1 Kolkata Urban Services for the Poor (KUSP) 4.1.1. About the program 4.1.2. Environmental and social safeguards 4.1.3. Limitations in the program framework 4.2 Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor Program (APUSP) 4.2.1. About the program 4.2.2. Environmental and social safeguards 4.2.3. Limitations in the program framework 4.3 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project (APURMSP) 4.3.1. About the program 4.3.2. Environmental and social safeguards 4.3.3. Institutional setup for E&S management 4.4 Tamil Nadu Urban Development Program (TNUDP) 4.4.1. About the program 4.4.2. Environmental and social safeguards 4.4.3. Institutional setup for E&S management 4.4.4. Limitations in the program framework 4.5 Pradhaan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) 4.5.1. About the program 4.5.2. Environmental and social safeguards 4.6 Limitations of the existing safeguard tools Notes and references 5. CHECKING INCLUSION OF E&S ISSUES IN UIDSSMT - CASE STUDY 40 5.1 Introduction to case study - Mehsana, North Gujarat 5.1.1. Criteria for selection of case study 5.1.2. Location & linkages 5.1.3. Demography 5.2 Status of urban infrastructure in Mehsana 5.3 Environmental and social issues in the proposed water supply project 5.4 Maps and Figures Notes and references 6. CONCLUSIONS 53 Notes and references 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 59 ANNEXURES Annexure 1: Detailed overview of JNNURM program framework (vii) Annexure 2: Detailed overview of UIDSSMT program framework (xii) Annexure 3: National and State environmental and social legislations and (xv) regulatory framework applicable to urban infrastructure projects. Notes and references (xix)