Chapter 1 : Introduction to the Study .. 5 1.1 Background of the study:..- . 5 1.2 Context of the study:..- 6 1.3 Need for the study:..- .. 7 1.4 The study area:..- 8 1.5 Aim- 9 1.6 Objective- . 9 1.7 Limitation ..- .. 10 1.8 Methodology ..- 10 Chapter 2 : Background Research .. 13 2.1 Indian Cement Industry ..- . 13 2.1.1 Avhievement of Policy of Partial and Total Decontrol: Past Scenario . 14 2.1.2 Present Cement Demand in the Market 17 2.1.2.a Housing Sector..- . 17 2.1.2.b Industry and Infrastructure Sector 18 2.1.3 External Growth Factors ..- 18 2.1.3.a Mergers and Acquisition- .. 18 2.1.3.b Government Support:- .. 19 2.1.3.c Simplified procedures for setting up Mines: .. 20 2.1.4 Present Scenario of Indian Cement Industry 21 2.1.4.a Capacity and Production: ..- 21 2.1.4.b Exports: ..- 22 2.1.4.c Technological change: ..- .. 22 2.2 Cement Manufacturing Process .. 23 2.3 Issues Involved:- . 17 2.3.1 Mining and related activities ..- .. 17 2.3.1.a Direct Loss of agriculture lands.. 17 2.3.1.b Ground-Water Levels and Flow Paths . 17 2.3.1.c Deforestation and disturbance in biodiversity 18 2.3.1.d Loss of livelihood- .. 18 2.3.1.e Emissions ..- .. 18 2.3.2 Pollution by Cement manufacturing unit: 19 2.3.2.a Air Pollutants ..- .. 19 2.3.2.b Particulate matters ..- 19 2.3.3 Liquid and Solid Wastes: ..- .. 19 2.3.4 Reclaimation ..- 20 2.4 Impacts on land and people..- 20 2.4.1 Loss in agriculture productivity ..- 20 2.4.2 Migration ..- 20 2.4.3 Salinity ingression- 21 2.4.4 Impacts of deforestation- .. 21 2.4.5 Effect of air pollution on vegetation- .. 21 2.4.6 Impact on human health ..- 22 2.4.7 Land degradation and Desertification..- 22 Chapter 3 : Profile of the Study Area .. 24 3.1 The geographic location ..- 24 3.2 Demographic Characteristics..- 25 3.3 Climatic Conditions- 25 3.3.1 Temperature ..- 25 3.3.2 Humidity ..- 26 3.3.3 Winds ..- 26 3.3.4 Rainfall ..- .. 26 3.4 Physical Characteristics ..- 26 3.4.1 Basic Land Configuration- . 27 3.4.2 Geology.- .. 27 3.4.3 Soils ..- . 27 3.4.4 Ground water condition- 28 3.4.5 Scenario of Limestone Deposits: 28 3.5 Environmental Issues prevalent in Junagadh.. 30 3.5.1 Salinity Ingression- 30 3.5.2 Drought prone and Desertification: . 30 Chapter 4 : Pressures on Land .. 32 4.1 Land Consumption- 32 4.1.1 Estimation: ..- . 33 4.1.2 Agriculture Land:..- 34 4.1.3 Grazing Land and Government Waste land . 36 4.1.4 Forest Land:..- 38 4.2 Water Consumption- 39 4.3 Limestone consumption:- . 43 4.3.1 Case of GACL limestone mines:..- .. 44 4.3.2 Land reclamation policy adopted.- .. 45 Chapter 5 : Issues Identified 47 5.1 Loss of agriculture Lands:..- .. 47 5.2 Effect on agriculture Production- 50 5.3 Loss of Common lands:..- .. 51 5.4 Impacts on livelihood:- 53 5.5 Utilization of Wasteland ..- 57 5.6 Increase in Ground water Salinity 58 Chapter 6 : Findings and Recommendations .. 61 Appendix 65 Bibliography 81