CONTENTS v List of figures vii 1.1. Introduction and Purpose of the Study 1 1.2. Systems Thinking and System Dynamics 2 1.3.The Need for System Dynamics as a Tool to Understand Systems in Sustainability 4 1.4. Sadhana Forest and Sustainability 6 Representing Sadhana Forest with System Dynamics 7 1.5. Aim and Objectives 10 1.6. Hypothesis 11 1.7. Scope and Limitations 11 1.8. Methodology of Study and Analysis 13 1.8.1 Method of System Dynamic Modeling 15 1.9 Conclusion 15 2. System Dynamics, Chaos and Concepts of Universality 17 2.1 Systems and their Behaviour 17 2.1.1 Open and Closed Systems 18 2.2 Natural Systems 19 2.3 Dynamics of Systems: Emergence and Reductionism 19 2.4 System Dynamics: Terms and Properties 21 2.4.1 The Purpose of System Dynamics Analysis 22 2.4.2 Important Terminology 22 2.5 Chaotic Behaviour of Systems and its Logic 25 2.6 Universality 29 3. Sadhana Forest and its Water Management: An Overview 33 3.1 Sadhana Forest 33 3.2 Water Usage in the Sadhana Forest Routine 35 3.3 Water Table Level as an Indicator of Sadhana Forest’s Development 37 3.3.1 Recharge of Water Table 37 3.3.2 Depletion of Water Table 38 4. Analyzing the Water Dynamics in Sadhana Forest 39 4.1 The Model Structure 39 4.1.1 The Land Variables 39 4.1.2 Population 42 4.2 Equations and Assumptions 44 4.2.1 Barren Land, Built Up Land, Land for Cultivation and Land for Surface Water Conservation 45 4.2.2 Population 47 4.2.3 Rainwater, Water Conserved on Surface, Water Stored Underground 49 4.3 Scenarios for Comparision 54 4.3.1 The Effect of Water Usage Pattern on the Water Conserved 54 4.3.2 The Effect of Rainfall Pattern on the Water Conserved 59 4.3.3 The Effect of Density of Population on the Water Conserved 62 4.4 Interpretations in Summary 66 5. Conclusions 69 6. References and Bibliography 73 7. Appendices 75 7.1.Appendix-1: Tables and Charts of Data Retrieved from the Simulations 75 7.1.1 Values for Water Stored Underground with varying Water Usage Pattern75 7.1.2 Values of Water Used by the people with varying Water Usage Pattern 80 7.1.3 Values for Water Stored Underground and Water Conserved on Surface withv arying usage pattern of Trees 86 7.1.4 Water Usage of TDEF and Acacia Trees from Conserved Sources 91 7.1.5 Water Stored Underground With Varying Population Limiting Conditions97 7.1.6 Population with Varying Constraints 102 7.2. Terms and Functions from Vensim Manual Used in Modelling 108 7.2.1 Important Terms 108 7.2.2 Important Functions Used 109