CONTENTS Introduction i Aim iii Research Questions:- iii Objective:- iii Methodology iv Scope and Limitation:- iv CHAPTER 1: History of Tools Users and Makers 1 Introduction 1 Primitive Tools 3 History of Communities 5 Organization of People 7 Crafts and Craftsman 8 Medieval Construction 10 Industrial Landscape 12 New Material 15 CHAPTER 2: Mass Customization 17 Introduction 17 Beginning of a Profession 19 Idea of Computing 22 Charles Babbage (1791-1871) 22 Fordism 22 Bauhaus and its Acceptance of Industrialization 25 Mass Production in Architecture 26 Automation 26 Crystal Palace, London 1851 27 Galarie des Machines, Paris, 1889 28 Pointhieu Garage Marboeuf, Paris 1905 28 Dymaxion House, 1920 29 Maison Citrohan, 1922 29 Eames House, 1945 30 Central Beheer, Apeldoom 1967 30 Reliance Building 1895 31 Habitat 67, 1967 31 Centre Georges Pompidou, 1960 32 Towards Mass Customization 33 Concept 33 Artisan and machines 34 Fallacy of the modular 36 Summary 37 CHAPTER 3: Case Studies 39 Introduction 39 31 NIKE ID: MASS CUSTOMIZATION IN PRODUCT INDUSTRY 41 32 LEVINE HALL 47 33 RESOLUTION 4 53 34 PROJECT FROG 59 35 UNITY HOUSE, BENSON WOOD 65 36 LOBLOLLY HOUSE 71 Chapter 4: Conclusion 75 41 Difference in Mass-Customization 77 42 Inference from Case Studies 78 43 The Ideal Balance 79 44 Conclusion 80 Bibliography 81 Illustration Credits 83