CONTENTS
Preface ix
1. The Nature of Planning 1
Common Themes and Common Problems 1
The Concept of Planning 4
The Process of Planning 5
Problem Definition and Expressing Needs 6
Adopting a Systems View of Planning 15
Planning as Decision-Making 18
Propelling Issues in Planning 19
Summary 21
Focusing Questions 22
2. Defining the Environmental Approach 23
The Nature of Environmental Planning 23
Philosophical Antecedents 25
Ecology's Niche 27
Guiding Ecological Principles 29
The Environmental Planning Process 32
Integrative Environmental Planning 36
Building Toward Sustainability 39
Summary 43
Focusing Questions 43
3. Making Plans 44
A Conceptual View 44
Plan Formulation 50
The Role of the Community 53
Developing Environmental Plans 57
Plan Implementation 62
Plan Evaluation 65
Summary 66
Focusing Questions 66
4. Natural Factors in Environmental Planning 68
The Relevance of Environmental Information 68
The Role of Natural Factors in Planning 69
Assessing the Physical Environment 71
Geologic Controls 72
Geomorphic Controls 74
Topographic Controls 76
Soil Considerations in Planning 78
Climatic and Hydrologic Considerations 81
Biotic and Ecological Considerations 84
Natural Hazard Considerations 89
Physical Systems and Design 90
Summary 91
Focusing Questions 92
5. Landscape Inventory and Analysis 93
Regional Landscape Inventory and Monitoring 93
Land Evaluation and Analysis 98
Methods of Landscape 100
Assessment Land Capability Analysis 101
Developmental Suitability Analysis 104
Extensions Based on Artificial Intelligence 111
Carrying-Capacity Analysis 112
Summary 114
Focusing Questions 114
6. Natural Hazard Assessment 115
Defining Hazards and Risk 115
A Typology of Hazard 118
Hazard, Risk, and Uncertainty 131
Hazard Analysis and Assessment 135
Planning with Hazards and Risk 136
Summary 139
Focusing Questions 139
7. Environmental Modeling and Simulation 140
Models and Modeling 140
The Simulation Process 143
Prediction and Scenario Projection 145
Computer Modeling Methods 148
Summary 159
Focusing Questions 159
8. The Decision Support Perspective 160
The Role of Information Technology 160
From Data to Information 161
Planning and Decision Support 162
"Decisioning" and Geographic Information Systems 162
GIS Design for Environmental Decision Support 167
GIS-guided Planning Support 172
The Question of Error 177
Managing GIS Projects 178
Beyond Conventional GIS 181
Summary 182
Focusing Questions 183
9.Ethics, Conflict, and Environmental Planning 184
Ethics and Choices 184
Toward an Environmental Planning Ethic 187
Contemporary Environmental Thought 191
Linking Thought to Planning Practice 195
Summary 197
Focusing Questions 197
10. The Impact of Change 198
Environmental Impact Assessment 198
The Method of EIA 201
EIA and NEPA 203
Impact Identification and Screening Techniques 204
Impact Forecasting 206
Growth-inducing Impacts 207
Cumulative Impact Assessment 208
Time and the Long Term 210
The Environmental Performance Assessment 210
The Continuing Challenge 212
Summary 213
Focusing Questions 214
References 215
Index 222