CONTENTS
Foreword v
Preface
Acknowledgements ix
Abbreviations \ xvii
1. Sustainability and Forestry 1
1.1 Concept 1
1.2 Emergence of the Concept of Sustainability
in Forest Management 2
1.3 Landmark Events in Sustainable Forestry 4
1.4 Sustainability: concept in forestry 7
1.5 Sustainable Forestry: various facets 8
1.6 Goal of Sustainable Forest Management 11
1.7 Genesis of Sustainable Forest Management 12
1.8 Basic Requirements for Achieving Sustainable
Forest Management 17
1.9 Efforts to Ensure Sustainability in Indian Forests 20
1.10 Modern Efforts towards Sustainability in
Indian Forestry 21
1.11 Initiatives to Integrate Elements of SFM in Current
Indian Forestry 22
2. Concept and Evolution of Forest Certification 23
2.1 Meaning of Forest Certification 23
2.2 Need for Certification 27
2.3 Objectives of Certification 28
2.4 Emergence of Forest Certification through History 30
2.5 Emergence of Certification in America and Europe 31
2.6 Certification: an initiative to combat
illegal logging 32
2.7 Extent of Forest Certification: status review 33
3. Schemes for Certification
3.1 Types of Certification Schemes
3.2 Various Schemes for Forest Certification
3.3 Some National Certification Programmes
3.4 Comparison of Forest Certification Schemes
3.5 Different Standards of Forest Certification:
strengths and weaknesses
3.6 Comparing Two Major International Schemes
3.7 Choosing a Certification Sc. eme
3.8 Conclusions
4. Potential and Status of Certified Forest Products
4.1 Market for Certified Forest Products
4.2 Accessing New Markets
4.3 Demand for Certified Forest Products
4.4 Market Demand for Certified Forest Products
4.5 Developments in CoC Standards and Procedures 68
Certification
4.6European Markets for Certified Forest Products
4.7 Status of Forest Certification in India
4.8 FSC Certification in India
5. Process of Certification of Forests
5.1 Process of Certification
5.2 Elements of Forest Certification
5.3 Comparison of CoC Certification Schemes
5.4 Pitfalls and Solutions to an Effective
Certification Process
6. Expectations of Stakeholders
6.1 StakehCompeting Stakeholder Interests Customer Expectationsolders and their Expectations
Expectations of Investor, Donor, and Insurer
7. Economics of Forest Certification
7.1 Broad Economics of Forest Certification
7.2 Costs of Chain of Custody
7.3 Analysis of Cost
7.4 Consequences of High Cost
7.5 Overall Economics of Forest Certification
8. Addressing Sustainability
8.1 Objectives of Forest Certification and Status of
Current Achievement 119
8.2 Some Obvious Effects of Certification 121
8.3 Measuring the Impact o Certification 122
8.4 Issues Related to Certification Standards
8.5 Forest Certification: does it really curb deforestation?
8.6 Does Fore1?t. Certification Really Improve
Forest Management? 124
8.7 Does F;orest C rtifi<;ation Reduce the Enviromp.e:ntal.Jrnpact ,of Fore try?
9. Certification of Forests and Issues of Environmental Conservation
9.1 Objectives of Certification Revisited
9.2 Certification: a tool for consetvatiorl 130
9.3 Threats J>Osed .to Biodiversity fro'm Inappropriate
Forestry 'Practices 132
9.4 Conservation Concerns in Certific ti Syste;n 132
9.5 Measuring the Impact of Certification
on Biodiversity 132
9.6 Limitations in Assessing the Impilct of Certifita:tforion Biodiversity Conservation: ' some solutions135
9.7 Impact of Certification -on Plartt
Management 139
9.8 Conclusions 140
10. Different Certification Systems:- cortvergertce i issues 143
10.1 Issue of Harmonization arid Poin't of Dl..Vergerice 143
10.2 Conflicts and/or Incompatibility between Legal Settings and Certification Standards 146
10.3 Some Positive Development towards Harmonization 147
10.4 Convergence between Certification Systems 147
10.5 Convergence is Happening 148
10.6 Scope for an Omnibus Certification Scheme 149
10.7 Reforms Needed 151
10.8 Conclusions 152
11. SFM, Forest Certification, and Climate
Change Regulations 155
11.1 Climate Change Imperatives 155
11.2 SFM and Climate Change 156
11.3 Forest Certification and Climate Change 157
11.4 Linkages Expected between Various Climate Change Mechanisms through Risk Management 158
11.5 Similarity between SFM and Carbon Forestry Credit Projects: mechanics of registration and accreditation 159
11.6 Divergence in Objectives and Goals of Carbon Regulatory Mechanism, SFM, and Forest Certification 160
11.7 Common Future of Carbon Regulatory Mechanism (Kyoto Protocol), Certification of Forests, and SFM 161
11.8 Conclusions 162
12. Developing Certification of Forests in India:
rationale and options 163
12.1 Basics of Certification of Forests in India 164
12.2 National Initiative and Way Forward for
Certification in India 165
12.3 SFM and Certification in India 170
12.4 Shape of SFM and Forest Certification:
roadmap for evolution 172
12.5 Conclusions 173
13. Challenges of Certification 175
13.1 Important Factors Limiting the Spread
of Certification 175
13.2 Challenge of Certification: Indian perspective 179
13.3 Conclusions 183
14. Future of Forest Certification 185
14.1 Bottom Line with Regard to Certification 185
14.2 Opportunities and Limitations of Certification 186
14.3 Future of Certification o?-Forests 187
14.4 Road Ahead for Certification of Forests 190
14.5 Need for Harmonization 191
14.6 Future Threats to Certification of Forests 192
14.7 Enhancing the Efforts of Sustainable Forest Management and Forest Certification 192
14.8 New Drivers Promoting Certification of Forests 194
14.9 Conclusions 201
Annexes 203
Bibliography 231
Glossary 245
Index 255
About the Authors 263