CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1 -4
1.1 Importance of Multilevel Car Parks 1
1.2 Composite Action Between Steel and Concrete 1
1.3 Composite Construction for Multilevel. Car Parks 2
1.4 Advantage of Steel-Concrete Composite Construction 3
1.5 Commercial Viability 3
1.5.1 Construction Costs 3
1.5.2 Return on Investment 4
1.5.3 Flexibility 4
2. STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT 5-15
2.1 Attributes of Good Car Park Design 5
2.2 Column Layout 5
2.3 Flow Patterns 6
2.3.1 One-way Flow Systems 7
2.3.2 Two-way Flow Systems 7
2.3.3 Circulation Design 7
2.3.4 Car Park Layout 8
2.4 Floor & Frame Solutions 9
2.5 Vehicle Safety Barreirs 12
2.6 Deflection 12
2.7 Stability 12
2.8 Design Live Load 13
2.9 Foundations 14
2.10 Fire Resistance 14
2.11 Durability 14
3. SHEAR CONNECTORS 16-23
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Types of Shear Connectors 17
3.2.1 Rigid Shear Connectors 17
3.2.2 Flexible Shear Connectors 17
3.2.3 Anchorage Shear Connectors 18
3.3 Deformation of Connectors 19
3.4 Load Bearing Mechanism of Shear Connectors 20
3.5 Design Strength of Connectors 22
4. COMPOSITE BEAMS 24-44
4.1 Composite Action in Beams 24
4.2 Degree of Interaction 25
4.3 Basic Design Considerations 25
4•3•1 section Classification 25
4.3.2 Limits on Width-Thickness Ratios 27
4.3.3 Span to Depth Ratio 28
4.3.4 Effective Breadth of flange 29
4.3.5 Modular Ratio 30
4.3.6 Partial Safety Factor 31
4.4 Design of Composite Beams 31
4.4.1 Momen Resistance 31
4.4.2 Reinforced Concrete Slabs, with Profiled Sheeting
Supported on Steel Beams 33
4.4.3 Vertical Shear 34
4.4.4 Effect of Shape of Deck Slab on Shear Connection 35
4.4.5 Longitudinal Shear Force 36
4.4.6 Interaction between Shear and Moment 37
4.4.7 Transverse Reinforcement 38
4.5 Effect of Continuity 39
4.5.1 Moment and Shear Coefficients for Continuous Beam 39
4.5.2 Lateral Torsional Buckling of Continuous Beams 41
4.6 Serviceability 42
4.6.1 Deflection 42
5. COMPOSITE FLOORS 45-60
5.1 Advantages of Composite Floors 45
5.2 The Structural Elements 46
5.2.1 Profiled Sheet Decking 47
5.2.2 Profiled Sheeting as Permanent Formwork 48
5.2.3 Design Method 49
5.2.4 Shear Connectors 49
5.2.5 Reinforcement for Shrinkage and Temperature Stresses 49
Bending Resistance of Composite Slab 50
Shear Resistance of Composite Slab 54
5.4.1 Resistance to Longitudinal Shear 54
5.4.2 Resistance to Vertical Shear 54
5.5 Serviceability Criteria 55
5.5.1 Cracking 55
5.5.2 Deflection 56
5.5.3 Fire Endurance 56
5.6 Design Considerations 56
5.6.1 Profiled Steel Sheeting as Shuttering 57
5.6.2 Loads on profiled sheeting 57
5.6.3 Effective span 57
5.6.4 Composite slab 58
5.7 Serviceability Limit States 58
5.7.1 Cracking of concrete . 58
5.7.2 Deflection 58
5.8 Fire Resistance 59
5.9 Diaphragm Action of Deck Slab 59
5.10 Steps in the Design of Profiled Decking 59
6 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS 61-94
6.1 Introduction 61
6.2 Materials 63
6.2.1 Structural Steel 63
6.2.2 Concrete 63
6.2.3 Reinforcing steel 66
6.2.4 Partial safety factors 67
6.3 Composite Column Design 68
6.3.1 Fire resistance 68
6.4 Design Method 69
6.4.1 Encased steel sections and concrete filled
rectangular/square tubular sections 69
6.4.2 Concrete filled circular tubular sections 70
6.4.3 Non-dimensional slenderness 71
6.4.4 Local buckling of steel sections 73
6.4.5 Short term loading 74
6.4.6 Long term loading 74
6.4.7 Resistance of members to axial compression 75
6.5 Steps in Design 77
6.6 Combined Compression and Uni-Axial Bending 79
6.6.1 For concrete encased steel sections 82
6.6.2 For concrete filled tubular sections 84
6.6.3 Analysis of Bending Moments due to Second
Order Effects 84
6.6.4 Resistance of Members under Combined Compression
and Uni-axial bending 86
6.7 Combined Compression Bi-Axial Bending 87
6.8 Design Steps for columns with Axial Load and Uni-Axial
Bending 89
6.9 Design Steps for Columns with Axial Load and Bi-Axial
Bending 91
7. DESIGN EXAMPLES 95
7.1 General Arrangement of Building 96
7.2 Design Basis 96
7.2.1 Design Methodology & General consideration for Stability 96
7.2.2 Material 97
7.2.3 Loading 97
7.2.4 Codes 97
7.2.5 Partial Safety Factors 97
7.3 Load Calculation 98
7.4 Design of Split Level Type Car Park 100
7.4.1 Typical Design of RCC Slab 104
7.4.2 Design of Beam Mkd. B7 (As per IS:11384-1985) 107
7.4.3 Design of column marked A3 (As per IS:800- 1984) 115
7.4.4 Design of column marked D1 (As per IS:800 -1984) 119
7.5 Design of Sloping Floor Type Car Park 121
7.6 Summary of Quantities and Cost 130
7.7 Conclusion 131
7.8 Detail Design 131
7.9 Design of Car Park with 5 Parking Levels 136
7.9.1 Design methodology & general consideration of stability 136
7.9.2 Composite option 136
7.9.2.1 Design of Beam - B9 145
7.9.2.2 Basis for Foundation Design 152
7.9.2.3 Design of basement mat & wall 152
7.9.2.4 Basement wall design 157
7.9.3 Services 166
7.10 Design of Car Park with RCC Option 172
7.10.1 General Arrangement of Building 172
7.10.2 Design Basis 175
7.10.3 Design 176
7.11 Comparison of 5 Level Car Park Designed with
Composite & RCC Options 176
Design Output of 3 & 7 Level Car Park .176
7.13 Conclusions 188
Appendix - I 190
Reference 195