CONTENTS
Introduction by Ernest Mandel 11 Translator's Preface 87
Preface to the First Edition 89
Postface to the Second Edition 94
Preface to the French Edition 104
Postface to the French Edition 105
Preface to the Third Edition (by Engels) 106
Preface to the English Edition (by Engels) 109
Preface to the Fourth Edition (by Engels) 114
Book I: The Process of Production of Capital Part One: Commodities and Money
Chapter 1: The Commodity
The Two Factors of the Commodity: Use-Value and Value (Substance of Value, Magnitude of Value) 125
The Dual Character of the Labour Embodied in Commodities 131
The Value-Form, or Exchange-Value 138

The Simple, Isolated, or Accidental Form of Value 139

The two poles of the expression of value: the relative form of value and the equivalent form 139
The relative form of value 140

The content of the relative form of value 140
The quantitative determinacy of the relative form of value 144
The equivalent form 147
The simple form of value considered as a whole 152
The Total or Expanded Form of Value 154

The expanded relative form of value 155
The particular equivalent form 156
Defects of the total or expanded form of value 1566 Contents
The General Form of Value 157

The changed character of the form of value 157
The development of the relative and equivalent forms of value: their interdependence 160
The transition from the general form of value to the money form 162
The Money Form 162
4. The Fetishism of the Commodity and Its Secret 163
Chapter 2: The Process of Exchange 178
Chapter 3: Money, or the Circulation of Commodities 188
The Measure of Values 188
The Means of Circulation 198

The Metamorphosis of Commodities 198
The Circulation of Money 210
Coin. The Symbol of Value 221
Money 227

Hoarding 227
Means of Payment 232
World Money 240
Part Two: The Transformation of Money into Capital
Chapter 4: The General Formula for Capital 247
Chapter 5: Contradictions in the General Formula 258
Chapter 6: The Sale and Purchase of Labour-Power 270
Part Three: The Production of Absolute Surplus-Value
Chapter 7: The Labour Process and the Valorization Process 283
The Labour Process 283
The Valorization Process 293
Chapter 8: Constant Capital and Variable Capital 307
Chapter 9: The Rate of Surplus-Value 320
The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power 320
The Representation of the Value of the Product by Corresponding Proportional Parts of the Product 329
Senior's 'Last Hour' 333
The Surplus Product 338
Chapter 10: The Working Day 340
The Limits of the Working Day 340
The Voracious Appetite for Surplus Labour. Manufacturer and Boyar 344
Branches of English Industry without Legal Limits to Exploitation 353
Day Work and Night Work. The Shift System 367
The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Laws for the Compulsory Extension of the Working Day, from the Middle of the Fourteenth to the End of the Seventeenth Century 375
The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Laws for the Compulsory Limitation of Working Hours. The English Factory Legislation of 1833-64 389
The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. impact of the English Factory Legislation on Other Countries 411
Chapter 11: The Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value 417
Part Four: The Production of Relative Surplus-Value
Chapter 12: The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value 429
Chapter 13: Co-operation 439
Chapter 14: The Division of Labour and Manufacture 455
The Dual Origin of Manufacture 455
The Specialized Worker and His Tools 458
The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture -Heterogeneous and Organic 461
The Division of Labour in Manufacture, and the Division of Labour in Society 470
The Capitalist Character of Manufacture 480
Chapter 15: Machinery and Large-Scale Industry 492
The Development of Machinery 492
The Value Transferred by the Machinery to the Product 508
The Most Immediate Effects of Machine Production on the Worker 517

Appropriation of Supplementary Labour-Power by Capital. The Employment of Women and Children 517
The Prolongation of the Working Day 526
Intensification of Labour 533
The Factory 544
The Struggle between Worker and Machine 553
The Compensation Theory, with Regard to the Workers Displaced by Machinery 565
Repulsion and Attraction of Workers through the
Development of Machine Production. Crises in the Cotton Industry 575
The Revolutionary Impact of Large-Scale Industry on Manufacture,
Handicrafts and Domestic Industry 588

Overthrow of Co-operation Based on Handicrafts and on the Division of Labour 588
The Impact of the Factory System on Manufacture and Domestic Industries 590
Modern Manufacture 592
Modern Domestic Industry 595
Transition from Modern Manufacture and Domestic Industry to Large-Scale Industry. The Hastening of this Revolution by the Application of the Factory Acts to those Industries 599
The Health and Education Clauses of the Factory Acts. The General Extension of Factory Legislation in England 610
10. Large-Scale Industry and Agriculture 636
Part Five: The Production of Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value
Chapter 16: Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value 643
Chapter 17: Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value 655
The Length of the Working Day and the Intensity of Labour Constant; the Productivity of Labour Variable 656
The Length of the Working Day and the Productivity of Labour Constant; the Intensity of Labour Variable 660
The Productivity and Intensity of Labour Constant; the Length of the Working Day Variable 662
Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productivity and Intensity of Labour 664
Chapter 18: Different Formulae for the Rate of Surplus-Value 668 Part Six: Wages
Chapter 19: The Transformation of the Value (and Respectively the Price) of Labour-Power into Wages 675
Chapter 20: Time-Wages 683
Chapter 21: Piece-Wages 692
Chapter 22: National Differences in Wages 701
Part Seven: The Process of Accumulation of Capital
Chapter 23: Simple Reproduction 711
Chapter 24: The Transformation of Surplus-Value into Capital 725
Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing Scale. The Inversion which Converts the Property Laws of Commodity Production into Laws of
Capitalist Appropriation 725
The Political Economists' Erroneous Conception of Reproduction on an Increasing Scale 734
Division of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue. The Abstinence Theory 738
The Circumstances which, Independently of the Proportional Division of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue, Determine the Extent of Accumulation, namely, the Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power, the Productivity of Labour, the Growing Difference in Amount between Capital Employed and Capital Consumed, and the Magnitude of the Capital Advanced 747
The So-Called Labour Fund 758
Chapter 25: The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation 762
A Growing Demand for Labour-Power Accompanies Accumulation if the Composition of Capital Remains the Same 762
A Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital Occurs in the Course of the Further Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration Accompanying it 772
The Progressive Production of a Relative Surplus Population or Industrial Reserve Army 781
Different Forms of Existence of the Relative Surplus Population. The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation 794
Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation 802

England from 1846 to 1866 802
The Badly Paid Strata of the British Industrial Working Class 808
The Nomadic Population 818
Effect of Crises on the Best Paid Section of the Working Class 822
The British Agricultural Proletariat 828
Ireland 854
Part Eight: So-Called Primitive Accumulation
Chapter 26: The Secret of Primitive Accumulation 873
Chapter 27: The Expropriation of the Agricultural
Population from the Land 877
Chapter 28: Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated since
the End of the Fifteenth Century. The Forcing Down of
Wages by Act of Parliament 896
Chapter 29: The Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer 905
Chapter 30: Impact of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. The Creation of a Home Market for Industrial Capital 908
Chapter 31: The Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist 914
Chapter 32: The Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation 927
Chapter 33: The Modern Theory of Colonization 931
Appendix: Results of the Immediate Process of Production Introduction by Ernest Mandel 943 I.Commodities as the Product of Capital 949
II. Capitalist Production as the Production of Surplus-Value 975
III.Capitalist Production is the Production and Reproduction of the Specifically Capitalist Relations of Production 1060
Isolated Fragments 1066
Quotations in Languages Other than English and German 1085
Index of Authorities Quoted 1095
General Index 1121
Note on Previous Editions of the Works of Marx and
Engels 1137
Chronology of Works by Marx and Engels 1138