CONTENTS
Executive Summary 1
PART-1: HOUSING AND HOUSEHOLD ANALYSIS: POST-INDEPENDENCE ERA: 1951-1991 12
Population, Households and Housing Units 12
Housing: Quantitative Analysis 14

Persons per Housing Unit 14
Type of Housing 15
Housing Completions by Residential and Non-Residential Sectors 15
Accessibility to Houses 15
Floors per Building, Households per Building and Average Size of House 16
1.3 Housing: Qualitative Analysis 16
Number of Rooms 17
Exclusive Amenities: Drinking Water, Toilet and Electricity 17
Tenure Status 17
Roofing Material 18
Functional Area 18
1.4 House Building Process, House Construction Finance Practices and Technology Awareness 19
House Building Process 19
House Construction Finance Practices 19
Awareness of Housing Finance Institutions 20
Awareness of New Building Materials and Technologies 20
Major Problems and Priorities in Housing 20
Economic Issues such as Rent, Maintenance and Loan Repayments 20
Housing Investments in Public and Private Sectors under Five Year Plans 21
1.5 Policy and Programme Issues - An Overview 21
PART-2: HOUSEHOLD AND HOUSING FORECAST FOR URRAN AND RURAL SECTORS: 1996-2011 26
Housing Forecast Model 26
Key Assumptions for Housing Forecast 27
Projections 28

Population, Households and Housing: 1991 - 2011 28
Decadal Growth Rate of Population, Households and Housing Stock: 1981-2011 29
Type of Houses 30
Type and Condition of Residential Structures 30
Housing Forecast by Residential and Non-Residential Uses 30
Housing Completion by Type and Use - Residential & Non-Residential 33

Housing Deficit and Upgradation Needs 33
Average unit Cost of Housing by Residential and Non-Residential Use: 1991-2011 36
PART-3: EXPENDITURE ON RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION SECTOR - A REVIEW AND PROJECTION OF PAST AND FUTURE TRENDS 38
Trend Analysis of Expenditure in Construction Sector: 1961 to 1991 38
Forecasting Model 40
Selected Projections 40
Construction Expenditure: Urban and Rural Areas 41
Unit Cost of Construction in Urban and Rural Areas 41
Expenditure in Residential Housing: Materials, Labour and Services 42
Forecast of Key Building Materials 42

PART-4: FORECAST OF KEY BUILDING MATERIALS: CEMENT, STEEL, TIMBER, BRICKS AND PLASTICS FOR TOTAL CONSTRUCTION SECTOR: 1991 -2011... 44
Expenditure in Residential Housing: Material, Labour and Services 44
Forecast of Key Building Materials 44
Availability of Key Building Materials 46
Cement and Steel 47
Bricks and Timber 47
Plastic Building Products / Components as Affordable Alternative to Conventional Materials 48
Forecast of Labor Requirement in Residential Housing Sector: 1991 -2011 50
Land Requirement for Residential and Non-Residential Sectors: 1991 -2011 50
PART-5: EMERGING TRENDS IN BUILDING MATERIALS, TECHNOLOGIES AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS 52
5.1 The Post-Independence Scenario 52
5.2 Technologies and R & D Institutions in India 53

Technologies and Institutions 53
Technologies for Waste Utilization 53
Major Policy and Organizational Research Issues 54

5.3 The Emerging Matrix of Choices 56
5.4 Future Trends in Type of Structure and Technologies 57

Type of Structure for the Next Decade 57
Trends in Technologies and Construction Methods 57
Trends in Usage of Construction Equipment 58
5.5 Future Trends in Major Elements of Building 59
Future Trends in Walls & Partitions: Impact on Choice of Materials 59
Future Trends in Foundation: Impact on Choice of Materials 60
New Trends in Doors, Windows and Ventilators 61
Trends in Usage of Lifts and Staircases 61
Trends in Adoption of Security and Fire Safety 62
Future Trends in Roofing and Flooring 63
Trends in Plumbing, Sanitation and Waste Disposal Services 63
Trends in Bath and Kitchen Amenities 63

5.6 Changing Trends in Demand and Production - An Overview 64
5.7 Building Technology and Materials - Conceptual Issues 65

Introduction 65
Building Materials and Technology 65
Cost Effective Housing for Lower Income Group 66
Innovation in Cost Effective Building Materials 66
Innovative Building Materials 67
Impact on Environment 68
5.8 Policy Issues and Recommendations 68