CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION 1
2.SCOPE 1
3.TERMINOLOGY 2

Band 2
Centre of Mass 2
Concrete Grades 2
Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient 2
Engineered Buildings 2
Non-engineered Buildings 2
Pre-Engineered Buildings 2
Seismic Zone and Seismic Co-efficient 2
Semi-Engineered Buildings 2
4.UNDERSTANDING EARTHQUAKES 3
Earthquake Vibrations 3
Measurement of Ground Motion 3
Epicentre, Hypocentre and Earthquake Waves 4
Strong Ground Motion 4
Magnitude and Energy of an Earthquake 5
5.EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS 6
Force Generation Mechanics 6
Nature of Seismic Stresses 7
Factors Affecting Structural Damage 8
Overall Effects of Major Earthquakes 9
6.INTENSITY AND ISOSEISMALS OF AN EARTHQUAKE AND SEISMIC ZONING 10
Intensity Scales 10
Isoseismals of an Earthquake 11
Seismic Zoning 11
7.EARTHQUAKE FORCE FOR DESIGN 12
The Earthquake Force 12
Design Seismic Coefficient 13
Design Base Shear in Buildings 14
Multistorey Buildings 14
8.ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 16
Lateral Load Analysis 16
Torsion 17
Drift 17
Vertical Seismic Acceleration 17
Appendages 17
Buildings with Soft Storey 18
Secondary Elements 18
Partial Safety Factors 18
Increase in Permissible Stresses in Materials 18
9.SITING OF SETTLEMENTS AND BUILDINGS 19
Effect of Site Conditions on Building Damage 19
Siting of Settlements 19
Building Safety 19
Relocation of Site after Disaster 19
10.FACTORS AFFECTING DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS 20
Building Configuration 20
Openings in Walls 20
Rigidity Distribution 20
Ductility 21
Foundation 21
Quality of Construction and Maintenance 21
Additions to Existing Structures 21
Change in Occupancy 22
11.CATEGORIES OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE 22
12.ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FEATURES 22

Lightness 22
Projecting and Suspended parts 22
Building Configuration 22
13.DETAILING FOR DUCTILITY 25
Need for Ductility in Structural Frames 25
Nature of Recommendation for Ductility 25
14.DETAILING OF R.C. MOMENT RESISTANT FRAMES 26
Concrete and Steel Grades 27
Detailing of Beams 27
Detailing of Columns 28
Detailing of Beam-Column Connections 29
Detailing of Foundation, Plinth Beam, Column Joint 29
15.DUCTILE DETAILING OF STEEL FRAMES 29
Local Buckling 29
Lateral Buckling of Beams 30
Design of Columns for Ductility 31
Design of Connections for Ductility 32
16.CATEGORIES OF NON-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS 35
Seismic Zones 35
Importance of Building 35
Strength and Stiffness of Soil 35
Combination of Parameters 36
17.SAFETY OF NON-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS 36
18.BUILDINGS OF GOOD MASONRY STRENGTH 40
Building Types 40
Control on Length and Height of Walls 40
Mortar Mix 40
Control on Openings in walls 40
Reinforced Concrete Bands 41
Details of the Bands 42
Vertical Reinforcement 44
Framing of Thin Load Bearing Walls 44
Reinforcing Details for Hollow Block Masonry 45
19.BURNED BRICK BUILDINGS USING CLAY MUD MORTAR 46
Control on Wall Lengths and Buildings Height 46
Control on Openings in Bearing Walls 47
Seismic Strengthening Features 47
Water proofing 47
20.BUILDINGS WITH STONE MASONRY WALLS 47
Scope 47
Typical Damage and Failure of Stone Buildings 48
Construction Control 48
Control on Wall Length and Building Height 49
Control of Openings in Bearing Walls 49
Seismic Strengthening Features 49
Water Proofing 50
21.EARTHEN HOUSES 50
Scope 50
Control on Construction 50
Control on Length of Walls and Building Height 50
Control on Openings in Bearing Walls 50
Seismic Strengthening Features 51
Foundation and Plinth 54
Waterproofing 54
22.WOOD HOUSES 54
Foundation 54
Control of Bearing walls, Openings and Building Height 54
Stud Wall Construction 55
Brick Nogged Timber Frame Construction 55
23.REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF DAMAGED BUILDINGS 57
Non-structural/Architectural Repairs 57
Structural Repairs or Restoration 57
24.STRENGTHENING OF EXISTING BUILDINGS 59
Approach to Seismic Retrofitting 59
Cost of Repairs and Retrofitting 59
Objectives of Seismic Retrofitting Procedures 59
Seismic Retrofitting Features 60
References 66
Annexure 1: MSK Intensity Scale (Extract related to buildings) 67
Annexure 2: Confined Masonry Building Construction 68