CONTENTS
Acknowledgement vii
1. The Genesis of Polymers 1-10
A Brief History |
What are Polymers? 5
How are Polymers Made? 8
Classification of Polymers 9
2. Chemistry of Polymerisation 11-62
Introduction 11
Chain Polymerisation 15
Step Polymerisation 36
Miscellaneous Polymerisation Reactions 46
Polymerisation Techniques 52
3. Molecular Weight and Size 63-77
'Average'Molecular Weight 63
Number-average and Weight-average Molecular Weights 64
Sedimentation and Viscosity-average Molecular Weights 67
Molecular Weight and Degree of Polymerisation 68
Polydispersity and Molecular Weight Distribution in Polymers 68
The Practical Significance of Polymer Molecular Weight 71
Size of Polymer Molecules 73
4. Kinetics of Polymerisation 78-101
Introduction 78
Free-radical Chain Polymerisation 78
Cationic Polymerisation 86
Anionic Polymerisation 89
Polycondensation 91
5.Chemical and Geometrical Structure of Polymer Molecules 102-112
General Remarks on Polymer Microstructure 102
Microstructures Based on the Chemical Structure 103
Microstructures Based on the Geometrical Structure 105
6. Glass Transition Temperature 113-130
What is Glass Transition Temperature? 113
Glassy Solids and Glass Transition 113
Transitions and Associated Properties 119
Factors Influencing the Glass Transition Temperature 123
Glass Transition Temperature and Molecular Weight 126
Glass Transition Temperature and Plasticisers 127
Glass Transition Temperature of Copolymers 128
Glass Transition Temperature and Melting Point 129
Importance of Glass Transition Temperature 129
6.10 Heat Distortion Temperature 130
7. Crystallinity in Polymers 131-145
Crystalline Solids and Their Behaviour Towards X-rays 131
Polymers and X-ray Diffraction 132
Degree of Crystallinity 133
Crystallisability 134
Polymer Crystallisation 134
Crystallites 136
Structural Regularity and Crystallisability 137
Other Factors Affecting Crystallisability 138
Helix Structures 139
Spherulites 140
Polymer Single Crystals 142
Folding of Chains During Crystal Formation 142
Effect of Crystallinity on the Properties of Polymers 144
8. Copolymerisation 146-160
Introduction 146
Free-radical Copolymerisation 147
Ionic Copolymerisation 157
Copolycondensation 159
9. individual Polymers 161-200
Polyethylene 161
Polypropylene 163
Polystyrene 163
Polyacrylonitrile 164
Polymethyl Methacrylate 165
Polyesters 166
Polyformaldehyde 167
Polyparaphenylene 168
Polycarbonates 168
Polysulphone 169
Polyimides 170
Polyamides 171
Polyurethanes 173
Polyureas 173
Polyethylene Glycols and Polypropylene Glycols 174
Polyacrylic Acid 174
Polymethacrylic Acid 175
Polyvinyl Acetate 175
Polyvinyl Alcohol 176
Polyvinyl Acetals 177
Polyvinyl Carbonate 178
Polyvinyl Chloride 178
Polyvinylidene Chloride 179
Polyvinyl Fluoride and Polyvinylidene Fluoride 180
Polytetrafluoroethylene 181
Polyvinyl Carbazole, Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone and Polyvinyl Oxazolidinone 181
Polybutylene and Polyisobutylene 182Polyisoprenes ' 83
Polybutadienes 184
Polychloroprene 186
Polysulphides 186
Phenol-formaldehyde Resin 188
Urea-formaldehyde and Melamine-formaldehyde Resins 190
Epoxy Polymers 193
Silicone Polymers 194
Organotin Polymers 195
Organotitanium Polymers 196
Cellulose and its Derivatives 196
10. Polymer Degradation 201-225
What is Polymer Degradation? 201
Types of Degradation 201
Thermal Degradation 204
Mechanical Degradation 208
Degradation by Ultrasonic Waves 209
Photodegradation 210
Degradation by High-energy Radiation 213
Oxidative Degradation 215
Hydrolytic Degradation 225
11. Polymer Reactions 226-260
Introduction 226
Hydrolysis 227
Acidolysis 228
Aminolysis 228
Hydrogenation 228
Addition and Substitution Reactions 229
Reaction of Various Specific Groups 231
Cyclisation Reactions 236
Cross-linking Reactions 238
Reactions Leading to Graft and Block Copolymers 252
Miscellaneous Reactions 256
12. Polymer Solutions 261-284
The Process of Polymer Dissolution 261
Thermodynamics of Polymer Dissolution 264
The Flory-Huggins Theory of Polymer Solutions 269
Nature of Polymer Molecules in Solution 273
Size and Shape of Macromolecules in Solution 275
Viscosity of Dilute Polymer Solutions 277
Viscosity of Concentrated Polymer Solutions 283
13. Experimental Methods 285-333
Polymer Synthesis 285
Isolation and Purification of Polymers 289
Polymer Fractionation 292
Molecular Weight Determination 300
Molecular Weight Distribution Curve 325
Determination of Glass Transition Temperature 329
14. Elastomeric, Fibre-Forming and Plastic Materials 334-347
Introduction 334
Elastomeric Materials 334
Fibre-forming Materials 336
Plastic Materials 337
Rheology of Polymeric Materials 338
15. Polymer Processing 348-370
Introduction 348
Plastics, Elastomerics and Fibres 348
Compounding 350
Processing Techniques 351
Bibliography 371
Appendix 372
Index 383