CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
General — Object of survey — Purposes of survey — Uses of survey — Classification of surveys — Principles of surveying — Measurements and their units — Surveyor — Accuracy in surveying—Questions 1-13
CHAPTER II SCALES
General — Requirements of a scale — Classification of scales — Scales for survey maps and plans — Correction due to use of wrong scale — Questions 14-34
CHAPTER III
LINEAR MEASUREMENTS OF DISTANCES
General — Direct methods of linear measurements — Types of chains — Testing and adjusting of chain — Instruments for marking stations — Ranging — Chaining on plain ground—Points to be observed during chaining— Chaining on sloping ground — Errors in chaining — Degree of accuracy in chaining work -— Types of tapes — Tape corrections — Questions 35-77
CHAPTER IV
CROSS-STAFF SURVEY
Purpose — Basic principle — Instruments for setting out perpendiculars — Cross-staff survey — Obstacles in chaining — Questions 78-105
CHAPTER V CHAIN SURVEYING
General — Principle of chain survey — Survey stations —
Survey lines — Offsets — Entering measurements in a
field book — Instruments required in chain survey —
Procedure for carrying out chain survey — Plotting work
— Questions 106-129
CHAPTER VI
COMPUTATION OF AREAS
General — Methods for computation of areas — Zero
circle — Questions 130-155
CHAPTER VII
COMPASS SURVEY
General — Methods of measuring direction — Magnetic needle — Pivot — Compass — Tripods -— Bearings — Included angles from bearings — Local attraction — Chain and compass survey — Plotting of compass survey — Closing error — Errors in compass survey — Precautions in using the compass — Limits of precision—Questions 156-193
CHAPTER VIII
PLANE TABLE SURVEY
General — Instruments required for plane table survey — Accessories required for plane table survey — Temporary adjustments of plane table — Methods of plane table survey — Two-point and three-point problems —Errors in plane table survey — Advantages of plane table survey — Disadvantages of plane table survey — Questions 194-212
CHAPTER IX LEVELLING
General — Definitions of some common terms in levelling
Instruments for levelling — Essential parts of a level — Parallax and focussing — Defects of a single lens — Parts of a telescope —- Optical characteristics of telescope — Accessories to a level — Types of levels — Levelling staff—Bench marks — Temporary adjustments of level
Principles of levelling — Methods of levelling — Enter¬ing the staff readings — Reduction of levels — Difficulties
levelling—Precision of levelling—Questions 213-270
CHAPTER X CONTOURING
General — Contour interval — Characteristics of contours
—Location of contours — Interpolation of contours —
Contour drawing — Contour gradient — Uses of contours
— Questions 271-291
CHAPTER XI MINOR INSTRUMENTS
General — Abney level — Box sextant —Ceylon ghat tracer—De Lisle's clinometer —Eidograph — Foot-rule clinometer — Hand level — Indian pattern clinometer — Pantagraph — Proportional compass — Watkin's mirror clinometer—Questions 292-313
CHAPTER XII COMPUTATION OF VOLUMES
General — Methods for computation of volumes —
Prismoidal correction —Curvature correction for volumes
— Questions 314-357
CHAPTER XIII THEODOLITE
General — Essential parts of a transit theodolite —Defi¬nitions and terms used for theodolite work — Temporary adjustments of theodolite — Measurement of horizontal angles — Measurement of vertical angles — Miscellaneous operations with theodolite — Theodolite traverse — Locat¬ing details in theodolite traverse — Degree of accuracy in theodolite traversing — Plotting of theodolite traverse — Closing error — Angular error — Adjustment of bearings —Balancing the traverse — Traverse table — Errors in theodolite work — Modern theodolites — Fundamental lines and desired relations — Permanent adjustments of theodolite—Uses of theodolite — Questions 358-415
CHAPTER XIV PERMANENT ADJUSTMENTS OF LEVELS
General — Fundamental axes of the levelling instruments
Principle of reversibility — Adjustments of dumpy level
Adjustments of Y-level — Adjustments of Cooke's reversible level—Adjustments of Gushing's level — Adjustment of tilting level — Questions 416-432
CHAPTER XV
TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYING
General — Instruments — Systems of tacheometric
measurements — Stadia method — Subtense method —
Tangential method — Questions 433-487
CHAPTER XVI CIRCULAR CURVES
General — Classification of circular curves — Simple curves — Compound curves — Reverse or serpentine curves — Questions 488-535
CHAPTER XVII TRANSITION CURVES
General — Requirements of transition curve — Composite curve — Super-elevation — Centrifugal ratio — Length of transition curve — Ideal transition curve — Cartesian co¬ordinates — Calculation of deflection angles —- Characteri¬stics of a transition curve — Cubic spiral — Questions 536-554
CHAPTER XVIII VERTICAL CURVES
General — Grade — Types of vertical curves — Equation of vertical curve — Length of vertical curve — Setting out vertical curves — Questions 555-566
CHAPTER XIX FIELD ASTRONOMY
General — Some astronomical terms — Terrestrial latitude anu longitude—Parallel of ladtude—-Nautical mile— Spherical trigonometry — Spherical triang le — Proper¬ties of a spherical triangle — Astronomical triangle — Star at elongation — Star at culmination — Circumpolar stars
Time — Questions 567-598
CHAPTER XX THEORY OF ERRORS
General — Types of errors — Some definitions — Laws of accidental errors — Probability curve — Most probable value — Average error — Mean square error — Method of least squares — Laws of weights — Rules for giving weights to the field observations — Distribution of error to the field observations — Questions 599-613
CHAPTER XXI SETTING OUT WORKS
General — Setting out bridges — Setting out buildings
Setting out culverts — Setting out dams — Setting out
tunnels — Questions 614-619
CHAPTER XXII HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING
General — Requirements of hydrographic survey — Shore line survey — Soundings — Location of soundings — Tides — Tide gauges — Questions 620-631
CHAPTER XXIII PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYING
General — Classification of photogrammetry — Applica¬tion of photogrammetry — Questions 632-637
CHAPTER XXIV ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
General — Instruments — Questions 638-639
INDEX 640-645