Contents
Chapter-l- General 1
1.1 Patent 1
1.2 History 1
1.3 Economic rationale 3
1.4 Criticizm 4
Chapter-ll-Invention 5
2.1 General 5
2.2 Inventive Step 6
2.3 Capable of industrial application 7
2.4 Inventions not patentable 8
2.5.1 Inventions not patentable in India 9
2.5.2 Inventions frivolous or contrary to well-established natural law 11
2.5.3 Inventions contrary to Ordre Public or morality 11
2.5.4 Discovery and Invention 14
2.5.5 Discovery of a new property or new use for known substance 17
2.5.6 Substance obtained by admixture 19
2.5.7 Arrangement of known devices 19
2.5.8 Method of agriculture or horticulture 20
2.5.9 Method of treatment of human beings Animals or plants 21
2.5.10 Plants and animals other than micro-organisms 24
2.5.11 Mathematical or business method, computer programme and algorithms 28
2.5.12 Literary, Dramatic, musical or Artistic Work 37
2.5.13 Mere scheme or rule or method of performing a mental act or method of playing game 38
2.5.14 Presentation of Information 40
2.5.15 Topography of integrated circuits 41
2.5.16 Traditional knowledge 42
2.5.17 Atomic Energy 45
Chapter-Ill- Novelty and Anticipation 46
3.1 Novelty 46
3.2 Anticipation of invention 49
3.2.1 General 49
3.2.2 Standard of anticipation 50
3.2.3 Prior Publication 51
3.2.4 Publicly known or Publicly used 54
3.2.5 Prior Secret Use 56
3.2.6 Publicly known or Publicly used - Exceptions 57
3.2.7 Prior experimental or trial use 58
Chapter-IV- Inventive Step (Non-Obviousness) 59
4.1 General 59
4.2 Inventive Step Re-defined 59
4.3 A Skilled person 60
4.4 Tests of Obviousness 60
4.5 Courts Approach to Obviousness 63
Chapter-V- Usefulness 67
5.1 Invention-Utility 67
5.2 Invention - Capable of industrial application 67
Chapter-VI- Patent Prosecution 69
6.1 General 69
6.2 Patent Application in India 69
6.3 Application and Fees 69
6.4 International Application under Patent
Co-operation Treaty (PCT) 71
6.5 Convention application 73
6.6 Persons entitled to apply for patent 74
6.7 Publication of an application 75
6.8 Request for examination of application 76
6.9 Examination of application 76
6.10 Extent of search for anticipation 78
6.11 Controller's order on examiner's report 79
6.12 Powers of Controller in cases of anticipation 80
6.13 Powers of Controller to make orders respecting division of application 82
6.14 Post-dating requested by the applicant 83
6.15 Substitution of applicants 84
6.16 Time for putting application in order for grant 85
6.17 Opposition to grant patent 86
6.18 Grant of patent 88
6.19 Patent Register 90
6.20 Procedure for obtaining Controller's Directions to co-owners 96
6.21 Rights of Patentee 96
6.22 Rights in case of co-ownership of patent 97
6.23 Term of Patent 98
6.24 Representation of the goods as patented 98
6.25 Death of the patentee after grant 99
6.26 Grant of patent to true and first inventor 99
6.27 Effect of new grant on infringement 100
Chapter-VII- Specification 101
7.1 General 101
7.2 Contents of Specifications 103
7.3 Complete Specification 110
7.4 Provisional Specification 114
7.5 Construction of Specification 114
Chapter-VNI- Patents of Addition 117
8.1 Patents of Addition 117
8.2 Conditions for grant of Patents of Addition 118
8.3 Term of Patents of Addition 118
Chapter-IX- Revocation of Patents 120
9.1 General 120
9.2 Prior grant, Sec.64(1)(a) 122
9.3 Patentee not entitled to the Patent, Sec.64(1 )(b) 122
9.4 Patent wrongfully obtained, Sec.64(1)(c) 123
9.5 Claim not an invention, Sec.64(1)(d) 123
9.6 Invention not Novel, Sec. 64(1 )(e) 123
9.7 Obviousness or Lack of Inventive Step, Sec.64(1)(f) 124
9.8 Invention not useful (inutility) Sec.64(1 )(g) 125
9.9 Invention not described sufficiently Sec.64(1 )(h) 126
9.10 Claim not clearly defined and not fairly based Sec. 64(1 )(i) 127
9.11 Patent obtained by false suggestion or representation Sec. 64(1 )(j) 128
9.12 Subject of the claim not patentable Sec. 64(1 )(k) 128
9.13 Invention claimed was secretly used before the priority date, Sec. 64(1 )(l) 128
9.14 Failure to disclose information, Sec. 64(1 )(m) 128
9.15 Non-compliance with secrecy direction,Sec.64(1)(n) 129
9.16 Amendment of specification obtained by fraud, Sec. 64(1 )(o) * 129
9.17 Non-disclosure or wrongful disclosure of the source of geographical origin of biological material used, Sec.64(1)(p) 129
9.18 Anticipation of the invention by knowledge of the local or indigenous community in India or elsewhere, Sec.64(1)(q) 129
9.19 Revocation by High Court 130
9.20 Notice of Revocation 130
9.21 Revocation of a patent or amendment of complete specification in cases relating to atomic energy, Sec.65 130
9.22 Revocation of patent in public interest, Sec. 66 130
9.23 Revocation of patent for non-working, Sec. 85 131
9.24 Surrender of patents, Sec.63 131
9.25 Restoration of lapsed patents 132
9.26 Right in respect of restored patent 133
Chapter-X- Compulsory Licensing 134
10.1 General 134
10.2 Compulsory licenses in India 134
10.3 Grounds for granting Compulsory License 135
10.4 Application for grant of Compulsory License 136
10.5 Factors to be taken into account by the Controller 137
10.6 Procedure for dealing with the applications for compulsory licenses and revocation of patents for non-working 138
10.7 Terms and conditions of license 139
10.8 Licensing of related patents 140
10.9 Compulsory licenses on notification
by Central Government 141
10.10 Compulsory license for pharmaceutical products 142
10.11 Termination of compulsory license 142
Chapter-Xl-Infringement 144
11.1 General 144
11.2 Determination of infringement 144
11.3 Interpretation of claims 145
11.4 Doctrine of Pith and Marrow 149
11.5 Doctrine of Equivalents 152
11.6 Remedies against infringement 160
11.7 Onus of proof 161
11.8 Declaration as to non-infringement 162
11.9 Injunctions 162
11.10 Damages or an Account of Profit 177
11.10.1 Statutory limitations 177
11.10.2 Meaning and scope 178
11.10.3 Seizure etc. of goods 184
11.11 Defence 184
11.12 Certificate of Validity 188
11.13 Scientific advisers 189
Chapter-Xll- Patent Office and its Establishment 190
12.1 Controller and other Officers 190
12.2 Patent Office and its Branches 190
12.3 General Powers of the Controller 190
12.3.1 Powers of Civil Court 191
12.3.2 Powers to correct clerical errors etc. 192
12.3.3 Powers regarding taking evidence 192
12.3.4 Exercise of discretionary powers 192
12.3.5 Powers to extent time 192
12.3.6 General powers under rules 193
12.4 Powers of the Central Government 193
Chapter-Xl 11-Appellate Board 195
13.1 Appellate Board 195
13.2 Technical Member 195
13.3 Staff of the Appellate Board 195
13.4 Appeals to the Board 196
13.5 Procedure and powers of the Board 197
13.6 Bar of jurisdiction of Courts, etc. 197
13.7 Procedure for application for rectification, etc. 198
13.8 Appearance of Controller in legal proceedings 198
13.9 Cost of Controller 199
VI
13.10 Transfer of pending proceedings 199
13.11 Power to make rules 199
Chapter-XIV- Penalties 200
14.1 General 200
14.2 Contravention of secrecy provisions 200
14.3 Falsification of entries etc. 200
14.4 Unauthorised claim of patent rights 200
14.5 Wrongful use of word "Patent Office" 201
14.6 Refusal/failure to supply information 201
14.7 Practice by non-registered patent agent 201
14.8 Offences by companies 202
Chapter-XV- Patent Agents 203
15.1 Patent Agent 203
15.2 Role of patent agent 203
15.3 Qualification of patent agent 203
15.4 Register of patent agents 204
15.5 Rights of patent agents 204
Chapter-XVI- Miscellaneous 205
16.1.1 Directions for secrecy 205
16.1.2 Review of secrecy directions 205
16.1.3 Consequences of secrecy directions 205
16.1.4 Extension of time during period of direction 206
16.1.5 Ban on patent application without
prior permission 206
16.1.6 Liability for contravention 207
16.1.7 Finality of orders 207
16.1.8 Disclosure of information 207
16.2.1 Convention countries 207
16.2.2 Countries not providing reciprocal rights 207
16.2.3 Convention applications 208
16.2.4 Special provisions 208
16.2.5 Multiple priorities 209
16.2.6 Protection of security 209