Contents

Preface xi
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xvii
INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY 1
Essential Characteristics of Geography 4
Nature of Geography 6
Systematic or Scientific Geography 6
Areal Differentiation 8
Exceptionalism in Geography 10
Spatial Analysis 13
Locational Analysis 13
Geography as a Chorographic or Chorologic (Regional) Science 16
Geography as the Science of the Planet Earth 17
Geography: An Idiographic or Nome the tic Discipline 18
Geography: A Discipline of Synthesis 19
The Geographic Continuum 21
Geography as the Science of Relationship 23
Geography as the Science of Distribution 24
Geography as a Chorographic Science 25
History and Evolution of Geography 25
Founders of Modern Geography 28
Quantitative Revolution in Geography 30
MODELS AND THEORIES IN GEOGRAPHY 36
Significance of Geographical Models 36
Utility of Modelling in Geography 37
Features of a Model 38
Types of Models 39 General or Systematic Classification of Models 39
Critical Evaluation 46
3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN GEOGRAPHY 51
What is System? 51
Earth's Systems 51
Models of Systems 53
System Analysis 54
General System Theory 54
Structure of a System 56
Geographical System 60
Population Theories 61
Malthusian Theory of Population 61
Marxian Theory of Population 64
Demographic Transition Theory 68
Theory of Optimum Population 72
Central Place Theory 73
Losch Location Model 82 von Thunen Model of Agricultural Land Use 85
Weber's Theory of Industrial Location 95
Rostow's Stages of Growth 103
Heartland Theory of Mackinder 107
Spykman's Rimland Concept 115
Boundaries and Frontiers 117
Limits to Growth Model 128
Forrester-Meadows Model 129
Growth Pole 138
Growth Centres 139
Growth Point 139
4 ORIGIN OF URBAN PLACES 143
The Size and Spacing of Cities 144
Rank-Size Rule 144
Primate City 147
Urban Morphology or the Internal Structure of Towns 151 and Cities
Central Business District (CBD) 151
Theories of Urban Structure 153 Internal Structure (Morphology) of Indian Cities 158
Spheres of Urban Influence (City Region, Zone of Urban Influence) 162
City Regions in India 167
Metropolitan Regions in India 167
Rural-Urban Fringe 170
Green Belt 173
Satellite Town 174
Census Definition of Urban Areas 175
Conurbation 176
Rural-Urban Continuum 178
Urban Sprawl 179
Slums 180 Squatter Settlements (Shanty Colonies) 181
Ghetto 182
Urbanization in India 182
Town/Urban Planning 192
National Urbanization Policy 195
5 RURAL SETTLEMENTS 199
Human Settlements 199
Rural Settlements 200
Classification of Rural Settlements 200
Patterns of Rural Settlements 205
Planned Rural Settlements 210
Rural Settlements in India 212 Morphology of Rural Settlements of India 215
6 POPULATION AND MIGRATION 217
Population Prior to Agricultural Revolution 218
Future Distribution of Population 224
Population Problems 229
Population Policies 234
Population and Human Well-being 243
Causes of Migration 245
Consequences of Migration 252
7 CLIMATIC CHANGE 256
Causes of Climatic Change 258
Theories of Climatic Change 261
Climate and Development 264
The Greenhouse Effect 264
Consequences of Climatic Change 266
Climatic Change in India 275
Contradictory Opinion 277
Global Cooling 279
Climatic Real Battle 279
The Kyoto Protocol, 1997 281
Glossary 283
Appendices 327
Index 343