CONTENTS
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
The Justification and Elaboration of
the Democratic Ideals, 1 Democratic Ideals and the Modern State, 5 The Plan of the Book, 8 Notes, 11
PART ONE
FOUNDATIONS OF DEMOCRACY
1 Self-Go vernment 15
Self-Government and Democracy, 17
Participation and Self-Government, 19
A Nondemocratic Method of Ensuring Self-Government, 22
The Direct View of Democratic Participation and Self-Government, 24
The Epistemic View of Democratic Participation and Self-Government, 29
Difficulties with the Epistemic View, 32
The Constructive View of Democratic Participation and Self-Government, 35
Objections to the Constructive View, 37
Conclusion, 43
Notes, 43
2 Equality 47
Democratic Equality as a Fair Compromise, 48 Problems with Democracy as a Compromise, 51
Equal Consideration of Interests, 53
Taking Stock, 56
An Egalitarian Defense of Democracy, 59
Interests, Judgments, and Conflicting Conceptions of Justice, 71
Democratic Equality and the Problem of Regress, 75
Democracy and Civil and Economic Justice, 78
Equality and Democratic Deliberation, 83
The Nature of Democratic Equality: From Procedural
Equality to Equality in the Process, 87
A Note on Social Choice Theory and Democracy, 93 Conclusion, 97
Notes, 98
PART TWO
DEMOCRACY AND THE PROBLEM
OF THE MODERN STATE
3 The Challenge of the Modern State to
the Democratic Ideals 105
The Problem of Participation, 106
The Challenge of the Modern State to Political
Equality, 110
The Challenge of the Modern State to Rational
Democratic Deliberation, 116
What Is Rational Social Deliberation? 116
The Reason-Guidedness Condition on Rational
Social Deliberation, 118
Rational Social Deliberation and the Political Division of Labor: Two Problems, 123
The Citizen and Rational Deliberation with Experts, 125
The Need for a Theory of Democratic Citizenship, 127
Notes, 128
4 The Economic Conception of Citizenship 131
The Elements of a Theory of Democratic Citizenship, 131
The Economic Models of Citizenship, 133
Participating on the Grounds of Self-interest, 147 The Assessment of the Self-Interest View of Voting
and Participation, 148 Methodological Arguments for the Self-interest
Axiom, 152
The Expressivist View of Voting, 157 Conclusion, 159
Notes, 159
5 A Normative Conception of Citizenship
The Role of Citizenship, 166
Activities of Citizenship, 178
The Standards of Citizenship, 180
The Implications of the Role of Citizenship for the
Ideals of Democracy, 190
The Agency Problem, 195
The Problem of the Complexity of Aims, 197
A Division of Labor in the Choice of Aims, 199
The Need for a Theory of Democratic Institutions, 200
Notes, 201
PART THREE
PRINCIPLES AND PROBLEMS OF
DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS
207
6 Equality and Legislative Representation
Political Responsibility, 208
Formal Accounts of Political Responsibility, 209
Substantive Accounts of Political Responsibility, 211
Trustee and Delegate, 213
An Approach to Political Responsibility, 215
The Principle of Voluntary Proportionality, 219
Proportional Representation, 224
Proportional Representation, Equality, Vagueness, and Stability, 232
The Limits of the Contribution of Proportional Representation, 238
7 Interest Groups and Political Parties as Institutions
of Deliberation 243
The Deliberative Function of Interest Groups and
Political Parties, 244
Political Parties and Interest Groups, 245
Other Functions of Secondary Associations, 248
The Primacy of the Deliberative Function of Secondary
Associations, 250
Legislative Autonomy, 257
The Contribution of Proportional Representation to
Political Deliberation, 258 Notes, 262
8 Equality in the Process of Social Deliberation 265
Equality Within Interest Groups and Political Parties, 266 Equality in the System of Associations: The Deliberative
Agenda, 271
Dimensions of Complexity of the Deliberative
Agenda, 272
The Deliberative Agenda Problem, 277
Institutional Arrangements: The Marketplace of Ideas, 279
Public Support for Political Parties and Secondary
Institutions, 287
An Egalitarian Marketplace of Ideas? 288
A Democratic Solution, 290
The Problem of Circularity, 291
Notes, 295
Selected Bibliography 299
About the Book and Author 305
Index 307