CONTENT\
List of Illustrations yii
Introduction VL
The Purpose of this Book ix
How this Book Is Structured XIII
How to Use this Book xiv
1 Positioning the Designer 1
What the Designer Does 1
The Context of Designing 6
2 What Do Designers and Researchers Do? Thinking, Doing
and Researching 15
Initiating Change 17
Thinking about Questions, Problems and Solutions 19
Wicked Problems 24
Collaborative Designing and Research 27
Thinking about Research 30
Practice and Praxis, Reflection and Reflexivity 33
Practice 34
Praxis 39
Reflection 44
Reflexivity 47
Thinking about Research: Methodology 53
What Is a Research Methodology? 53
What Is a Research Position? 54
Theoretical Lenses for Research 59
Methodologies for Research in Design 62
Conclusion: From Methodology to Methods 63
Questions for Reflection 65
Doing Research: From Methodologies to Methods 67
Identifying a Research Purpose 67
Quantitative and Qualitative Research 68
Ethical Research Practices 75
Framing a Research Question: Narrowing Down and Opening Up 76
In the Picture: Ethnography and Observation 83
What Is Ethnography? 83
Methodological Concerns 86
New Ethnographies 90
Methods in Ethnographic Research: Observation 92
Ethnography tor Research in Design 97
Questions for Reflection 99
Conclusion 101
Understanding through Story: Narratives 103
What Is Narrative? 103
Narratives in Research 105
Narratives for Research in Design 106
Methods in Narrative Research: Interviewing 112
Sketches of Research Projects Using Narrative 117
Questions for Reflection: Narrative 118
Conclusion 120
Using Case Studies and Mixed Methods 123
What Is Case Study Research? 123
The Logo Project: A Case Study 126
Methodological Choices in Case Study Research 128
Survey Research 131
Sketches of Research Projects Using a Case Study Approach 138
Conclusion 141
9 Action Research 143
What Is Action Research 143
Action Research and Design Praxis 146
Practical Action Research: Anusha's Project 147
Participatory Action Research: Urban Playground 151
Sketch of a Research Project Using Action Research 156
Questions for Reflection 156
Conclusion: Action Research and Design Practice 157
10 Writing about Research 159
Writing as Part of the Research Process 159
The Purpose of Reporting Research 161
The Eorms of Academic Writing 163
Representing Data Visuall 171
Conclusion 174
References 175
Index 181