Contents

Foreword by Vincent Fouchier 9
Executive Summary 13
Introduction 17
1. The Creation of New Towns: a Brief History 23
1.1. General Historical Outline 23
1.2. Why Build New Towns?Common Goals, Different Approaches 26
1.2.1. United Kingdom. 27
1.2.2. France 30
1.2.3. The Netherland 32
1.2.4. Sweden 34
1.2.5. Denmark 35
1.2.6. Finland 36
1.2.7. Central and Eastern Europe 38
1.2.8. Peri-Urbanised Areas and New Towns in Emerging Countries 41
2. New Towns Facing Challenges 49
2.1. Financing New Towns: an Overview 49
2.1.1. Where Do Revenues Come From? 50
2.1.2. New Town Administration 50
2.1.3. Why Do New Towns Ask for More Financing 52
2.2. A Changing Population 54
2.2.1. Demographic Trends 54
2.2.2. Population 57
2.3. Provision of Public Services and Amenities 58
2.3.1. Fostering Image 58
2.3.2. Basic Public Services and Amenities 59
2.3.3. Increasing Focus on Entertainment 62
2.3.4. Main Problems Encountered. 67
2.4. Distance and Transportation 68
2.5. The Rural-Urban Dimension and Landscape Management
and Preservation 71
2.6. Housing 74
2.6.1. Housing Still on the Growth? 74
2.6.2. Urban Regeneration Needs. 77
2.6.3. The Paradoxes of Diversity 81
2.7. Economic Development 83
2.7.1. Problems Encountered by New Towns 84
2.7.2. Innovative Strategies 85
2.8. Social Exclusion 90
2.9. Identity and Sense of Community 91
2.9.1. Why Is This so Fundamental? 92
2.9.2. Lack of Historical and Cultural Heritage 95
2.9.3. The "Dormitory Town" Effect 95
2.9.4. Lack of Community Spirit 96
2.9.5. Filling in the Gap 96
3. Town Centres. 107
3.1. State of the Art 107
3.1.1. Traditional Role and Transformations 107
3.1.2. Today's Situation and Difficulties 109

3.2. Specific Challenges Facing New Town Centres 110
3.2.1. Theme 1: Zoning and Segregation 110
3.2.2. Theme 2: Image and Economic Development 112
3.2.3. Theme 3: Accessibility of Town Centres . 113
Conclusion 117
Set of Indicators: Successful and Sustainable New Towns 119
ENTP - European New Towns Platform 123
The Author and Contributions. 125
References 127