CONTENTS
Introduction 1
1.1 Common Steel Structures 1
1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Steel Structures 1
1.3 Types of Steel 2
1.4 Properties of Structural Steel 3
1.5 Rolled Steel Sections 4
1.6 Special Considerations in Steel Design 9
1.7 Loads 11
1.8 Load Combinations 20
1.9 Structural Analysis 20
1.10 Design Philosophy 21
2. Principles of Limit State Design 27
2.1 Design Requirements 27
2.2 Limit States 28
2.3 Actions (Loads) 29
2.4 Design Strength ' 30
2.5 Deflection Limits 30
2.6 Other Serviceability Limits 31
2.7 Stability Checks 33
3. Bolted Connections 35
3.1 Riveted Connection 3 5
3.2 Bolted Connections 36
3.3 Classification of Bolts Based on Type of Load Transfer 38
3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bolted Connections 38
3.5 Terminology 39
3.6 IS 800-2007 Specifications for Spacing and Edge Distances of Bolt Holes 40
3.7 Types of Bolted Connections 42
3.8 Types of Actions on Fasteners 43
3.9 Assumptions in Design of Bearing Bolts 43
3.10 Principles Observed in the Design 45
3.11 Design Tensile strength of Plates in a Joint 45
3.12 Design Strength of Bearing Bolts 47
3.13 Design Procedure with Bearing Type Bolts Subject to Shearing Forces 50
3.14 Efficiency of a Joint 50
3.15 Eccentric Connection with Bearing Bolts when Load is in the Plane
of Group of Bolts 66
3.16 Design of Bearing Bolts Subjected to Eccentric Loading in the Plane of Bolts 71
3.17 Tension Capacity of Bolts 75
3.18 Design Criteria for Bolt Subjected to Combined Shear and Tension 76
3.19 Design of Bearing Bolts Subjected to Eccentric Loading Causing Moment
in the Plane Perpendicular to the Plane of Group of Bolts 77
3.20 Shear Capacity of HSFG Bolts 82
3.21 Tension Resistance of HSFG Bolts 85
3.22 Interaction Formula for Combined Shear and Tension 85
3.23 Prying Forces 86
4. Welded Connections 95
4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Welded Connections 95
4.2 Types of Welded Joints 96
4.3 Important Specifications for Welding 98
4.4 Design Stresses in Welds 100
4.5 Reduction in Design Stresses for Long Joints 101
4.6 Eccentric Connection - Plane of Moment and the Plane of Welds is the Same 108
4.7 Combined Axial and Shear Stress 115
4.8 Eccentric Connection-Moment at Right Angles to the Plane of Weld 115
5. Design of Tension Members 121
5.1 Design Strength of a Tension Member 122
5.2 Design Procedure 134
5.3 Tension Member Splice 140
5.4 Lug Angles 143
6. Design of Compression Members 149
6.1 Buckling Class of Cross-Section 149
6.2 Slenderness Ratio 151
6.3 Design Compressive Stress and Strength 152
6.4 IS Tables for Design Stress 155
6.5 Shapes of Compression Members 160
6.6 Design of Compression Members 165
6.7 Laced and Battened Columns 168
6.8 Design of Laced Columns 169
6.9 Design of Battened Columns 174
6.10 Column Splice 177
6.11 Design of Column Splices 178
6.12 Column Bases 184
6.13 Design of Slab Base 185
6.14 Design of Gusseted Base 189
7. Design of Beams 195
7.1 Plastic Moment Carrying Capacity of a Section 195
7.2 Classification of Cross-Sections 202
7.3 Design Procedure 204
7.4 Bending Strength of a Laterally Supported Beam 204
7.5 Shear Strength of a Laterally Supported Beam 205
7.6 Deflection Limits 206
7.7 Web Buckling Strength 214
7.8 Web Crippling 215
7.9 Design of Built up Section 220
7.10 Design Strength of Laterally Unsupported Beams 224
7.11 Effective Length for Lateral Torsional Buckling 229
7.12 Design of Laterally Unsupported Beams 233
7.13 Design of Purlins 233
7.14 Design Procedure 235
7.15 Simplified Method for the Design of Angle Purlins 245
7.16 Design of Grillage Beams 247
8. Design of Bolted Beam Connections 257
8.1 Types of Beam Connections 257
8.2 Design of Framed Connections Using Bolt 260
8.3 Design of Unstiffened Seated Connections 263
8.4 Design of Stiffened Seated Connection 268
8.5 Design of Small Moment Resistant Connections 272
8.6 Design of Large Moment Connections 277
9. Design of Welded Beam Connections 287
9.1 Framed Connections 287
9.2 Welded Unstiffened Seat Connection 295
9.3 Stiffened Welded Seat Connections 298
9.4 Moment Resistant Welded Connections 301
10. Design of Plate Girders 305
10.1 Elements of Plate Girders 306
10.2 Self Weight of Plate Girder 307
10.3 Economical Depth 307
10.4 Size of Flanges 311
10.5 Shear Buckling Resistance of Web 311
10.6 End Panel Design 313
10.7 Anchor Forces 315
10.8 Design of Connection Between Flange and Web Plates 316
10.9 Design of Bearing Stiffeners 316
10.10 Weld for End Stiffeners 319
10.11 Design of Intermediate Stiffeners 319
10.12 Connection of Intermediate Stiffeners to Web 320
10.13 Procedure of Design of Plate Girder 321
10.14 Summary 341
11. Design of Gantry Girders 343
11.1 Loads 343
11.2 Position of Moving Load for Maximum Effects 343
11.3 Profile of Gantry Girder 346
11.4 Limitation on Vertical Deflection 346
11.5 Design Procedure 347
12. Design of Roof Trusses
12.1Bracings 362
12.2 Types of Roof Trusses 362
12.3 Nomenclature of Members of Trusses 366
12.4 Pitch of Trusses 364
12.5 Spacing of Trusses 364
12.6 Purlins 365
12.7 Sheetings 365
12.8 Loads 366
12.9 Load Combinations 375
12.10 Loads on Trusses 380
12.11 Analysis of Trusses 380
12.12 Grouping of Members 381
12.13 Design of Members 381
12.14 Design of Joints 381
12.15 End earing 382