CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS, CITIES AND COUNTRIES ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xii
1 CONTEXT FOR THE REVIEW 1
2 URBAN TRANSPORT AND CITY DEVELOPMENT 5
Urban Transport and City Efficiency 5
Sources of Declining Urban Transport Performance 8
Urban Transport in City Development Strategies 11
Development Strategies for Making Urban Transport More Efficient 12
Coordinating Sector Policies in City Development Strategies 21
Conclusions: A Strategy for Urban Transport in City Development 22
Notes 23
3 URBAN TRANSPORT AND POVERTY REDUCTION 25
Urban Poverty and Social Exclusion 25
Transport Patterns of the Urban Poor 25
Pro-Poor Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction 28
Focusing Infrastructure Policies 29
Public Transport Service Planning for the Urban Poor 32
Fare Policies, Subsidies, and Budget Constraints 34
Conclusions: A Strategy for Poverty-Focused Urban Transport 36
Notes 37
4 TRANSPORT AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT 39
The Scale of the Issue 39
Global Warming 40
Noise and Other Disturbances 42
y; Urban Air Pollution 42
Conclusions: A Strategy for Urban Transport and Environment 60
Notes 61
5 URBAN TRANSPORT SAFETY AND SECURITY 65
The Scale of the Issue 65
Safety 66
Security 72
Conclusions: A Strategy for Urban Transport Safety and Security 75
Notes 76
6 THE URBAN ROAD SYSTEM 77
Elements of Road Strategy 77
Road Maintenance 77
Traffic Management . 79
Demand Management 83
Infrastructure Provision 84
Poverty Focus 88
Conclusions: A Strategy for Roads 90
Notes 91
7. PUBLIC ROAD PASSENGER TRANSPORT 93
The Urban Bus Sector 93
Conclusions: Toward a Strategy for Public Transport 106
Notes 107
8 MASS RAPID TRANSIT 109
The Scale of the Issue 109 Objectives and Role of Mass Rapid Transit within the City Development Strategy 110
Relationship to Urban Structure and Land Use 111
Mass Rapid Transit and the Urban Environment 111
Choice of Mass Rapid Transit Technology 112
Ownership and Financing 117
Public Transport Integration 121
Pricing 121
Conclusions: Toward a Strategy for Mass Rapid Transit 122
Notes 123
9 THE ROLE OF NONMOTORIZED TRANSPORT 125
The Importance of Nonmotorized Transport' 125
Walking Is Transport 126
Walking on Wheels 126
The Policy Package 128
Municipal Institutions and Organization 132
Conclusions: A Strategy for Nonmotorized Transport 134
Notes 134
10 URBAN TRANSPORT PRICING AND FINANCE 135
The Role of Prices in Urban Transport 135
Charging for the Use of Infrastructure 135
Public Transport Pricing and Finance 141
Urban Transport Financing ; 146
Conclusions: A Strategy for Urban Transport Pricing and Financing 150
Notes 151
11 STRENGTHENING URBAN TRANSPORT INSTITUTIONS 153
The Importance of Institutions 153
Major Institutional Weaknesses 154
Organizational Options 156
Capacity Building 165
Conclusions: A Strategy for Institutional Reform in Urban Transport 167
Notes 168
12 MEETING THE DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES :
HOW CAN THE BANK CONTRIBUTE? 169
Development Challenges 169
Strengthening the Focus on Poverty 170
Facilitating Decentralization 171
Mobilizing Private Participation 173
Increasing Transport Safety and Security 175
Protecting the Environment . 176
Conclusions 179
Notes 182
APPENDIX: URBAN TRANSPORT PORTFOLIO IN THE WORLD BANK 183
A.1 Urban Transport Projects under Preparation and Implementation as of
February 26, 2002 183
A.2 Special Project Features 187
A.3 Urban Portfolio: Project Cost and World Bank Group Loan and Grant Amount Allocation 190
BIBLIOGRAPHY 193
INDEX 201