TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ii
The Soft Path in Verse iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
List of Visuals: Photographs and Drawings viii
List of Maps ix
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations x
Glossary of Terms xi
1.0 CURRENT URBAN WATER USE PRACTICES
1.1 Status of Freshwater 001
1.2 Practices of Water Supply in Indian cities 003
1.3 Practices of Sewage and Drainage in Indian Cities 006
1.4 Situation around the world 010
1.5 Cities and the Sustainability perspective 011
1.6 The Significance of Neighborhoods 015
1.7 Defining Water Use Optimization 018
1.8 The Argument 020
1.9 Notes and References 021
2.0 NORMS AND STANDARDS FOR DOMESTIC WATER SUPPY
2.1 Overview of Standards specified in the past 023
2.2 The Current National Standards 024
2.3 The grey areas in current National Standards . 026
2.4 Findings regarding National Standards 029
2.5 Basis of the Per Capita figure specified 030
2.6 Supply Standards stipulated by International Agencies 031
2.7 The lessons learnt about activity-wise water requirement 034
2.8 Notes and References 035
3.0 DOMESTIC WATER CONSUMPTION
3.01 Actual Consumption figures: World view 037
3.02 Actual Consumption figures from Indian cities 044
3.03 The lessons learnt regarding the Issue in question 048
3.04 Notes and References 051
4.0 TECHNOLOGIES FOR WATER USE OPTIMIZATION
4.01 Technology of Plumbing Efficiency 052
4.02 Recycling Water 055
4.03 Using Harvested Rainwater 059
4.04 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 063
4.05 Efficiency by Stream Separation: ECOSAN 085
4.06 Summary of Lessons Learnt 072
4.07 Notes and References 072
5.0 EXAMPLES OF WATER USE OPTIMIZATION IN PRACTISE
5.01 Ecological settlement Neu-Allermoehe, Hamburg, Germany 075
5.02 Ecological housing estate Flintenbreite, Lubeck, Germany 081
5.03 ATS Eco-friendly public toilet center, Bangalore India 084
5.04 Kronsburg Ecological District, Hannover, Germany 087
5.05 The China—Sweden Erdos Eco-Town project 088
5.06 Pimpama Coomera Waterfuture Master Plan 093
5.07 Lessons learnt ' 096
5.08 Notes and References 098
6.0 GENERATION OF WATER USE SCENARIOS
6.01 Calibration of requirements for individual activities • 099
6.02 Generating requirements for Neighborhood facilities 102
6.03 Framework of Assumptions for Water Scenarios 107
6.04 Neighborhood Scenario ONE 108
6.05 Neighborhood Scenario TWO 109
6.06 Neighborhood Scenario THREE 111
© Dr. Aruna Ramani Graver , iv
6.07 Neighborhood Scenario FOUR
6.08 Neighborhood Scenario FIVE
6.09 Revisiting the initial Argument
6.10 Notes and References
7.0 IMPACT OF DENSITY ON WATER SCENARIOS
7.01 Generating the Spatial Structure of the Six Residential Neighborhoods
7.02 The Residential Plot
7.03 Evaluating Scenario FIVE on the Residential Plot
7.04 Findings with respect to Scenario FIVE
7.05 Evaluating Scenario FOUR and THREE on the Residential Plot
7.06 Findings with respect to Scenario THREE and FOUR
7.07 Notes and References
8.0 IMPACT OF RAINFALL PATTERNS ON WATER SCENARIOS
8.01 Overview of Rainfall Patterns in India
8.02 Applicability of Scenarios on the Residential Plot
8.03 Applicability of Scenarios on the Neighborhood
8.04 Variability brought by Annual Rainfall Pattern
8.05 Impact of Co-efficient of Variation of Rainfall
8.06 Long-term Variability factor due to Climate Change
8.07 Notes and References
9.0 IMPACT OF HYDROGEOLOGY ON WATER SCENARIOS
9.01 Soil typology and Sub-surface drainage
9.02 Artificial recharge and Neighborhood Hydrogeology
9.03 The Current status of Groundwater in selected cities
9.04 Impact of Global Warming
9.05 Notes and References
10.0 CLOSURE AND WAY FORWARD
10.01 Retracing the Journey
10.02 Current Supply Norms and Consumption Patterns
11.03 Regarding application of Water Optimization Technologies
11.04 Regarding the Environment for Testing the Hypothesis
10.05 Variability due to Development Controls
10.06 Variability due to Rainfall Patterns
10.07 Variability due to Hydro-geological Conditions
10.08 Supply Norms and Standards for the Future
10.09 Putting Water Optimization Tephnologies in Practice
10.10 Regarding the Argument
10.11 Towards adopting suitable Development Controls
10.12 Towards treating rain as a Significant local resource
10.13 Taking cognizance of Neighborhood Hydrogeology
10.14 Towards Water Use Optimization in Cities
10.15 Notes and References
APPENDICES
A1 RAINFALL PATTERNS
A2 CO-RELATING RESIDENTIAL DENSITY AND RAINFALL
A3 RAINFALL PATTERN AND STORAGE CO-RELATION
A4 IMPACT OF CO-EFFICIENT OF VARIATION OF RAINFALL
A5 DYNAMIC GROUNDWATER OF SELECTED CITIES (2004)
A6 AUTHOR'S GREYWATER GARDEN, NOIDA, INDIA
BIBLIOGRAPHY