CONTENTS
Preface to the Second Edition vii
Preface to the First Edition
GEOLOGY 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Main and Allied Branches of Geology 2
1.2 Importance of Geology in Civil Engineering 5
1.3 Scope of Geology 7
GENERAL GEOLOGY 11
Introduction 11
2.1 Geological Agents 12
2.2 Weathering of Rocks 14
2.3 River as a Geological Agent 27
MINERALOGY 39
Introduction 39
3.1 Definition of a Mineral 39
3.2 Definition of a Crystal 41
3.3 Mode of Formation of Minerals 43
3.4 Common Rock-forming Minerals and Their Abundance 44
3.5 Different Methods of Study of Minerals 45
3.6 Significance of Different Physical Properties in Mineral Identification 48
3.7 Diagnostic or Distinguishing Physical Properties 60
COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS 61
Introduction 61
4.1 Types of Rock-forming Minerals 61
4.2 Special Features of Silicate Minerals 61
4.3 Brief Sketch of Common Rock-forming Minerals 65
4.4 Important Details of Common Rock-forming Minerals 68
PETROLOGY 94
Introduction 94
5.1 Shell Structure of the Earth 94
5.2 Definition of a Rock 95
5.3 Classification of Rocks 96
5.4 Sequence of Formation of Different Groups of Rocks 100
5.5 Rock Cycle 101
5.6 Civil Engineering Importance of Petrology 102
6. IGNEOUS ROCKS
Introduction
6.1 Forms of Igneous Rocks
6.2 Miscellaneous
6.3 Common Igneous Rocks and Relation of Their Constituent Minerals
6.4 Classification of Igneous Rocks
6.5 Structures and Textures
6.6 Suitability of Igneous Rocks for Constructions
6.7 Megascopic Description of Relatively Common Igneous Rock Types
7. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Introduction
7.1 Sedimentary Rocks on the Earth's Crust
7.2 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
7.3 Common Structures and Textures of Sedimentary Rocks
7.4 Descriptive Study of Common Sedimentary Rocks
8. METAMORPHIC ROCKS 161
Introduction 161
8.1 Metamorphism 162
8.2 Common Structures and Textures of Metamorphic Rocks 171
8.3 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks 175
8.4 Descriptive Study of Common Metamorphic Rocks 176
9. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY 190
Introduction 190
9.1 Causes for Development of Structures 191
9.2 Folds 195
9.3 Faults 205
9.4 Joints 219
9.5 Unconformity 222
9.6 Common Symbols to Indicate Some Geological Structures 226
10. IMPORTANCE OF GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES 227
Introduction 227
10.1 Effects of Folding and Their Civil Engineering Importance 228
10.2 Effects of Faulting and Their Civil Engineering Importance 232
10.3 Effects of Joints and Their Civil Engineering Importance 236
11. GROUND WATER 240
Introduction 240
11.1 Sources of Ground Water Supply 241
11.2 Advantages of Using Ground Water 242
11.3 Distribution of Rainfall 244
11.4 Porosity and Permeability 245
1L5 Classification of Rocks Based on Porosity and Permeability 248
11.6 Water Table and Types of Ground Water 250
11.7 Geological Controls on Ground Water Movement 253
11.8 Fluctuation of the Water Table Level in Unconfined Aquifers 254
11.9 Ground Water Potential in Different Parts of India 256
11.10 Ground Water Exploration 257
11.11 Effects of Excessive Tapping of Ground Water 260
11.12 Waterlogging 260
12. STRATIGRAPHY 261
Introduction 261
12.1 Aims of Stratigraphic 262
12.2 Principles of Stratigraphic 262
12.3 Geological Time Scale 264
12.4 Geological Divisions of India 267
12.5 Major Stratigraphical Units of India 268
12.6 Importance of the Study of Stratigraphic from the Civil Engineering
Point of View 284
13. EARTHQUAKES 285
Introduction 285
13.1 Earthquake Terminology 286
13.2 Classifications and Causes of Earthquakes 286
13.3 Seismic Belts and Shield Areas 288
13.4 Earthquakes and Faulting 288
13.5 Earthquake Waves 289
13.6 Intensity of Earthquakes 290
13.7 Magnitude of the Earthquakes 291
13.8 Locating the Epicentre of an Earthquake 293
13.9 Determining the Depth of the Focus of an Earthquake 294
13.10 Effects of Earthquakes 294
13.11 Civil Engineering Considerations in Seismic Areas 295
13.12 Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Distribution 298
14. LANDSLIDES 300
Introduction 300
14.1 Importance of Landslides 300
14.2 Classification of Earth Movements 301
14.3 Causes of Landslides 303
14.4 Effects of Landslides 306
14.5 Preventive Measures for Landslides 306
15. GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS 308
Introduction 308
15.1 Branches of Geophysics 308
15.2 Necessity of Geophysical Investigations 309
15.3 Principles of Exploration Geophysics 311
15.4 Classification of Geophysical Methods 312
15.5 Well-logging 329
16. GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IMPORTANCE 331
Introduction 331
16.1 Electrical Resistivity Method 332
16.2 Seismic Refraction Method 345
17. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ROCKS 356
Introduction 356
17.1 Different Engineering Property Tests for Rocks 357
17.2 Tests for Rocks Used as Foundation Sites of Constructions 358
17.3 Tests for Rocks Used as Building Stones 362
17.4 Tests for Rocks Used as Aggregates 371
18. DAMS 376
Introduction 376
18.1 Importance of Geology in Dam Construction 377
18.2 A Dam and Its Parts 380
18.3 Types of Dams and Bearing of Geology of Site in Their Selection 381
18.4 Purposes of Dams 383
18.5 Geological Considerations in the Selection of a Dam Site 384
18.6 Stages of Investigation in the Selection of a Dam Site 396
18.7 Case Histories 398
19. RESERVOIRS 411
Introduction 411
19.1 Considerations for Successful Reservoirs 412
19.2 Capacity of the Reservoir 412
19.3 Effect of Evaporation 412
19.4 Water-tightness and Influencing Factors 413
19.5 Reservoir Silting 420
19.6 Seismic Activity in Reservoir Areas 425
19.7 Landslide Occurrences 425
20. TUNNELS 427
Introduction 427
20.1 Purposes of Tunnelling 428
20.2 Effects of Tunnelling on the Ground 429
20.3 Lining of Tunnels 429
20.4 Economical Aspects of Tunnelling 430
20.5 Geological Considerations for Successful Tunnelling430
20.6 Overbreak 440
20.7 A Few Examples of Tunnels of Interest and Importance 441
Bibliography 443
Index 445