Table of Contents
Acknowledgements i
List of figures vi
List of tables viii
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Built form, transport and local carbon development 1
1.2 Key indicators of built form, transport and environment 3
1.2.1 Travel behaviour indicators 4
1.2.2 Built-form indicators 4
1.2.3 Low-carbon transport development 11
1.3 Research problem 12
1.3.1 Research hypothesis 12
1.3.2 Research objectives 13
1.3.3 Research questions 13
1.3.4 Scope of work 13
1.4 Research design and outline of the thesis content 14
2 Urban Development in India and the Case City of Alimedabad 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Urban development and transport in India 19
2.2.1 Urban planning and development 21
2.2.2 Transport planning in India 22
2.2.3 Built form in Indian cities 23
2.3 The case city of Ahmedabad. 25
2.4 Built-form measures for Ahmedabad city 29
2.5 Discussion 30
3 Built-form measures: Ahmeclabad city 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Built-form measure quantification 33
3.2.1 Travel and built-form data 33
3.2.2 Data preparation 39
3.2.3 Methods 41
3.3 Pattern of built form 51
3.3.1 Density (intensity of use) 51
3.3.2 Land-use mix 54
3.3.3 Density of transit stops and distance to transit stops 56
3.3.4 Road network properties 58
3.3.5 Access to destination 61
3.3.6 Disparity 63
3.3.7 Employment sub-centres in Ahmedabad 63
3.4 Discussion 67
4 Establishing the built form — travel relation for Ahmedabad 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Relating built form and transport 69
4.3 Modelling travel behaviour and built form relation 71
4.4 Methodology 74
4.5 Preliminary analysis 76
4.6 Results 77
4.6.1 Vehicle kilometres travelled 77
4.6.2 Non-motorized mode choice 79
4.6.3 Public transport mode choice 82
4.6.4 Self-owned motorized vehicle mode choice 85
4.7 Urban policy implications 87
4.7.1 Information 90
4.7.2 Action 94
4.8 Discussion 97
5 Built Form driven Low-Carbon Transport Development: Methods 101
5.1 Introduction 101
5.2 Low-carbon transport development 101
5.3 Future low-carbon transport development scenarios 103
5.3.1 Simulation of urban development and growth 104
5.3.2 Environmental impact 114
5.3.3 Quantifying societal benefits 118
5.4 Discussion 118
6 Built Form driven Low-Carbon Development: Results 121
6.1 Introduction 121
6.2 Urban development and growth scenarios 121
6.2.1 Urban growth projections 122
6.2.2 Logistic regression 123
6.2.3 Change in property value model 125
6.2.4 Urban development and growth 128
6.3 Environmental impact 138
6.3.1 Travel behaviour projections 138
6.4 Environmental implications 142
6.5 Societal and economic benefits 146
6.6 Policy making 149
6.7 Discussion 152
7 Synthesis 155
7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 Built form and travel behaviour relation 155
7.2.1 Urban planning polio,' implications 158
7 .3 "Built form - travel relation and low-carbon transport developrnent 159
7.4 A reflection on the main themes of this research 160
7.5 Future research 161
Bibliography 165
Summary 179
Samenvatting 183
Curriculum Vitae 187
ITC Dissertation List 189