Contents Foreword xiii Introduction xv ONE Water and Terrorism 1 o by Peter H. Gleick Introduction1 The Worry 2 Denning Terrorism3 History of Water-Related Conflict5 Vulnerability of Water and Water Systems15 Responding to the Threat of Water-Related Terrorism 22 Water Security Policy in the United States25 Conclusion25 TWO Going with the Flow: Preserving and Restoring Instream Water Allocations 29 by David Katz Environmental Flow: Concepts and Applications 30 Legal Frameworks for Securing Environmental Flow 34 The Science of Determining Environmental Flow Allocations38 The Economics and Finance of Environmental Flow Allocations40 Making It Work: Policy Implementation43 Conclusion45 THREE With a Grain of Salt: An Update on Seawater Desalination 51 by Peter H. Gleick, Heather Cooley, GaryWolff Introduction51 Background to Desalination52 History of Desalination54 Desalination Technologies54 Current Status of Desalination55 Advantages and Disadvantages of Desalination 66 Environmental Effects of Desalination76 Desalination and Climate Change80 Public Transparency81 Summary82 Desalination Conclusions and Recommendations83 FOURFloods and Droughts91 by Heather Cooley Introduction91 Droughts92 Floods104 The Future of Droughts and Floods112 Conclusion113 FIVE Environmental Justice and Water 117 by Meena Palaniappan, Emily Lee, Andrea Samulon Introduction117 A Brief History of Environmental Justice in the United States119 Environmental Justice in the International Water Context123 Environmental Justice and International Water Issues124 Recommendations 137 Conclusion141 SIX Water Risks that Face Business and Industry 145 by Peter H. Gleick, Jason Morrison Introduction145 Water Risks for Business146 Some New Water Trends: Looking Ahead150 Managing Water Risks153 An Overview of the Water Industry158 Conclusion163 WATER BRIEFS One Bottled Water: An Update169 . by Peter H. Gleick Two Water on Mars175 by Peter H. Gleick Introduction175 Background175 Martian History of Water178 Future Mars Missions180 Three Time to Rethink Large International Water Meetings182 by Peter H. Gleick Introduction182 Background and History182 Outcomes of International Water Meetings183 Ministerial Statements184 Conclusions and Recommendations 185 4th World Water Forum Ministerial Declaration186 Four Environment and Security: Water Conflict Chronology Version, 2006-2007189 by Peter H. Gleick Five The Soft Path in Verse219 byGaryWolff DATA SECTION Data Table 1Total Renewable Freshwater Supply by Country221 Data Table 2Freshwater Withdrawal by Country and Sector228 Data Table 3 Access to Safe Drinking Water by Country, 1970 to 2002237 Data Table 4 Access to Sanitation by Country, 1970 to 2002247 Data Table 5 Access to Water Supply and Sanitation by Region, 1990 and 2002256 Data Table 6 Annual Average ODA for Water, by Country, 1990 to 2004 (Total and Per Capita)262 Data Table 7 Twenty Largest Recipients of ODA for Water, 1990 to 2004268 Data Table 8 Twenty Largest Per Capita Recipients of ODA for Water, 1990 to 2004270 Data Table 9 Investment in Water and Sewerage Projects with Private Participation, by Region, in Middle- and Low-Income Countries, 1990 to 2004273 Data Table 10 Bottled Water Consumption by Country, 1997 to 2004276 Data Table 11 Global Bottled Water Consumption, by Region, 1997 to 2004280 Data Table 12 Per Capita Bottled Water Consumption by Region, 1997 to 2004282 Data Table 13 Per Capita Bottled Water Consumption, by Country, 1999 to 2004284 Data Table 14 Global Cholera Cases and Deaths Reported to the World Health Organization, 1970 to 2004287 Data Table 15 Reported Cases of Dracunculiasis by Country, 1972 to 2005293 Data Table 16 Irrigated Area, by Region, 1961 to 2003298 Data Table 17 Irrigated Area, Developed and Developing Countries, 1961 to 2003301 Data Table 18 The U.S. Water Industry Revenue (2003) and Growth (2004-2006)303 Data Table 19 Pesticide Occurrence in Streams, Groundwater, Fish, and Sediment in the United States 305 Data Table 20 Global Desalination Capacity and Plants- January 1, 2005308 Data Table 21 100 Largest Desalination Plants Planned, in Construction, or in Operation-January 1, 2005310 Data Table 22 Installed Desalination Capacity by Year, Number of Plants, and Total Capacity, 1945 to 2004314 WATER UIHTS, DATA CONVERSIONS, AND CONSTANTS 319 COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS 329 Volume 1: The World's Water 1998-1999: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources 329 Volume 2: The World's Water 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources332 Volume 3: The World's Water 2002-2003: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources335 Volume 4: The World's Water 2004-2005: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources338 COMPREHENSIVE INDEX 343