CONTENTS Forewordxiii Acknowledgments xv Abbreviations and data notesxvii Overview Moving jobs center stage2 Jobs wanted3 Development happens through jobs8 Valuing jobs14 Jobs agendas are diverse .. but connected17 Policies through the jobs lens21 lobs are center stage, but where are the numbers?34 Questions When is the conventional wisdom right? 36 Notes39 References41 1The jobs challenge48 A job, but not always a salary49 Youth bulges, aging societies, and migrant nations51 Cities, wages, and women52 Jobs are changing in surprising ways54 Prosperity, but a changing distribution of earnings56 The role of the private sector58 Vulnerability on a global scale58 Question 1 What is a job? 63 Notes68 References69 Part 1 Jobs are transformational 74 2 Jobs and living standards76 Jobs improve material well-being76 Jobs are more than just earnings82 Jobs and life satisfaction84 Question 2 Growth strategies or jobs strategies?87 Notes92 References93 3 ]obs and productivity 98 Employment turbulence, not jobless growth 98 Most jobs are in very small farms and firms 104 In farms, uneven technological progress106 Among firms, much churning and few gazelles107 Question 3 Can entrepreneurship be fostered?114 Notes119 References121 4 Jobs and social cohesion126 Jobs can help manage social tensions127 Jobs (or the lack of jobs) can shape social interactions 134 Question 4 Can policies contribute to social cohesion? 140 Notes146 References147 Part 2 What are good jobs for development? 152 5 Valuing jobs154 Rights as the foundation155 The value of jobs to individuals and society158 Spillovers from jobs159 Can the development payoffs from jobs be quantified? 162 Question 5 Skills or jobs which comes first?174 Notes179 References182 6 Diverse jobs agendas190 Agrarian economies190 Conflict-affected countries 193 Urbanizing countries197 Resource-rich countries199 Small island nations203 Countries with high youth unemployment206 Formalizing economies210 Aging societies213 Question 6 A targeted investment climate?217 Notes223 References225 7. Connected jobs agendas232 Migration of workers232 Migration of jobs237 Question 7 Competing for jobs? 243 Notes249 References250 Part 3 Policies through the jobs lens256 8. Labor policies revisited258 Labor regulations: A plateau effect260 Collective representation: New forms of voice263 Active labor market programs: Effective within limits267 Social insurance: The challenge of expanding coverage272 Question 8 Protecting workers or protecting jobs?277 Notes281 References284 9. Beyond labor policies292 Establishing the fundamentals293 Setting policy priorities for jobs298 Diverse jobs agendas, diverse policy priorities301 Connected jobs agendas: Global partnerships for jobs305 Jobs are center stage, but where are the numbers?311 Question 9 How to accelerate labor reallocation?313 Notes319 References321 appendixes328 Glossary329 Bibliographical note332 Background papers and notes334 Selected indicators337 Index381