CONTENTS Foreword xiii Acknowledgments xv Abbreviations and Data Notes xvii Main Messages xx Overview: Changing the Climate for Development1 The case for action 4 A climate-smart world is within reach if we act now, act together, and act differently10 Making it happen: New pressures, new instruments, and new resources 18 1 Understanding the Links between Climate Change and Development37 Unmitigated climate change is incompatible with sustainable development 39 Evaluating the tradeoffs48 The costs of delaying the global mitigation effort55 Seizing the moment: Immediate stimulus and long-term transformations 58 Focus A: The Science of Climate Change70 Part One 2Reducing Human Vulnerability: Helping People Help Themselves87 Adaptive management: Living with change 89 Managing physical risks: Avoiding the avoidable90 Managing financial risks: Flexible instruments for contingencies101 Managing social risks: Empower communities to protect themselves105 Looking ahead to 2050: Which world?111 Focus B: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in a Changing Climate 124 3Managing Land and Water to Feed Nine Billion People and Protect Natural Systems133 Put in place the fundamentals for natural resource management134 Produce more from water and protect it better137 Producing more in agriculture while protecting the environment145 Produce more and protect better in fisheries and aquaculture156 Building flexible international agreements158 Reliable information is fundamental for good natural resource management 162 Pricing carbon, food, and energy could be the springboard166 4Energizing Development without Compromising the Climate189 Balancing competing objectives191 Where the world needs to go: Transformation to a sustainable energy future 195 Realizing the savings from energy efficiency209 Scaling up existing low-carbon technologies217 Accelerating innovation and advanced technologies 220 Policies have to be integrated222 Part Two 5 Integrating Development into the Global Climate Regime233 Building the climate regime: Transcending the tensions between climate and development233 Options for integrating developing-country actions into the global architecture240 Support for developing-country mitigation efforts 245 Promoting international efforts to integrate adaptation into climate-smart development 246 Focus C: Trade and Climate Change 251 6 Generating the Funding Needed for Mitigation and Adaptation257 The financing gap259 Inefficiencies in existing climate-finance instruments 263 Increasing the scale of climate-change finance 267 Ensuring the transparent, efficient, and equitable use of funds276 Matching financing needs and sources of funds 278 7 Accelerating Innovation and Technology Diffusion287 The right tools, technologies, and institutions can put a climate-smart world well within our reach289 International collaboration and cost sharing can leverage domestic efforts to promote innovation293 Public programs, policies, and institutions power innovation and accelerate its diffusion303 Overcoming Behavioral and Institutional Inertia321 Harnessing individuals' behavioral change322 Bringing the state back in330 Thinking politically about climate policy335 Climate-smart development starts at home341 Bibliographical Note349 Glossary 353 Selected World Development Indicators361 Table A1Energy-related emissions and carbon intensity362 Table A2Land-based emissions363 Table A3Total primary energy supply 364 Table A4 Natural disasters366 Table A5 Land, water, and agriculture 367 Table A6 Wealth of nations 368 Table A7Innovation, research, and development369 Definitions and notes370 Symbols and aggregates374 Selected World Development Indicators375 Data sources and methodology 375 and summary measures 375 Terminology and country coverage 376 Technical notes 376 Symbols 376 Classification of economies by region and income, FY2010 377 Table 1Key indicators of development378 Table 2Poverty380 Table 3Millennium Development Goals: eradicating poverty and improving lives 382 Table 4 Economic activity 384 Table 5Trade, aid, and finance386 Table 6Key indicators for other economies 388 Technical notes390 Statistical methods396 World Bank Atlas method396 Index 399