CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1Background 1 1.2The World's Fresh Water Resources 4 1.3Water Use in the United States 6 1.4Systems of Units 8 1.5 The Future of Water Resources 10 Chapter 2 Water Resources Sustainability 13 2.1 What is Water Resources Sustainability? 13 2.2 Challenges to Water Resources Sustainability 16 2.3 Surface Water System - The Colorado River Basin 32 2.4Groundwater Systems - The Edwards Aquifer, Texas 37 2.5Water Budgets 41 2.6Examples of Water Resources Unsustainability 47 Chapter 3 Hydraulic Processes: Flow and Hydrostatic Forces 57 3.1Principles 57 3.2 Control Volume Approach for Hydrosystems 64 3.3Continuity 66 3.4Energy 68 3.5 Momentum 72 3.6Pressure and Pressure Forces in Static Fluids 73 3.7Velocity Distribution -78 Chapter 4Hydraulic Processes: Pressurized Pipe Flow 83 4.1Classification of Flow 83 4.2Pressurized (Pipe) Flow 86 4.3Headlosses 90 4.4Forces in Pipe Flow 100 4.5Pipe Flow in Simple Networks 103 Chapter 5 Hydraulic Processes: Open-Channel Flow 113 5.1Steady Uniform Flow 113 5.2Specific Energy, Momentum, and Specific Force 124 5,3Steady, Gradually Varied Flow 134 5.4Gradually Varied Flow for Natural Channels 141 5.5Rapidly Varied Flow 152 5.6Discharge Measurement 158 Chapter 6 Hydraulic Processes: Groundwater Flow 173 6.1Groundwater Concepts 173 6.2Saturated Flow 181 6.3Steady-State One-Dimensional Flow 186 6.4Steady-State Well Hydraulics 189 6.5Transient Well Hydraulics - Confined Conditions 195 6.6Transient Well Hydraulics - Unconfined Conditions 205 6.7Transient Well Hydraulics - Leaky Aquifer Conditions 206 6.8Boundary Effects: [mage Well Theory 207 6.9Simulation of Groundwater Systems 215 Chapter 7Hydrologic Processes 227 7.1Introduction to Hydrology 227 7,2Precipitation (Rainfall) 237 7.3Evaporation 260 7.4Infiltration 266 Chapter 8Surface Runoff 283 8.1Drainage Basins and Storm Hydrographs 283 8.2Hydrologic Losses, Rainfall Excess, and Hydrograph Components 287 8.3Rainfall-Runoff Analysis Using Unit Hydrograph Approach 291 8.4Synthetic Unit Hydrographs 294 8.5S- Hydrographs 299 8.6NRCS (SCS) Rainfall-Runoff Relation 301 8.7Curve Number Estimation and Abstractions 303 8.8NRCS (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Procedure 310 8.9Kinematic- Wave Overland Flow Runoff Model 314 8,10Computer Models for Rainfall-Runoff Analysis 320 Chapter 9Reservoir and Stream Flow Routing 331 9.1Routing 331 9.2Hydrologic Reservoir Routing 332 9.3Hydrologic River Routing 336 9.4Hydraulic (Distributed) Routing 340 9.5Kinematic Wave Model for Channels 346 9.6Muskingum-Cunge Model 351 9.7Implicit Dynamic Wave Model 352 Chapter 10Probability, Risk, and Uncertainty Analysis for Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design 361 10.1Probability Concepts 361 10.2Commonly Used Probability Distributions 364 10.3Hydrologic Design for Water Excess Management 367 10.4Hydrologic Frequency Analysis 373 10,5U.S. Water Resources Council Guidelines for Flood Flow Frequency Analysis 379 10.6Analysis of Uncertainties 384 10.7Risk Analysis: Composite Hydrologic and Hydraulic Risk 387 10.8Computer Models for Flood Flow Frequency Analysis 393 Chapter 11Water Withdrawals and Uses 399 11,1Water-Use Data - Classification of Uses 399 11.2Water for Energy Production 404 11.3Water for Agriculture 411 1 1.4Water SupplyAVithdrawals 427 11.5Water Demand and Price Elasticity 436 11.6Drought Management 440 11.7Analysis of Surface Water Supply 448 Chapter 12Water Distribution 463 12.1Introduction 463 12.2System Components 475 12.3System Configuration and Operation 492 12.4Hydraulics of Simple Networks 495 12.5Pump Systems Analysis 499 12.6Network Simulation 514 12.7Modeling Water Distribution Systems 525 12.8Hydraulic Transients 527 Chapter 13Water for Hydroelectric Generation 547 13.1Role of Hydropower 547 13.2Components of Hydroelectric Plants 552 13.3Determining Energy Potential 561 Chapter 14Flood Control 577 14.1Introduction 577 14.2Floodplain Management 579 14.3Flood-Control Alternatives 585 14.4Flood Damage and Net Benefit Estimation 595 14.5U.S, Army Corps of Engineers Risk -Based Analysis for Flood-Damage Reduction Studies 600 14.6 Operation of Reservoir Systems for Flood Control 604 Chapter 15Stormwater Control: Storm Sewers and Detention 611 15.1Stormwater Management 611 15.2Storm Systems 612 15.3Stormwater Drainage Channels 639 15.4Stormwater Detention 647 Chapter 16Stormwater Control: Street and Highway Drainage and Culverts 671 16.1Drainage of Street and Highway Pavements 671 16.2Hydraulic Design of Culverts 693 Chapter 17Design of Spillways and Energy Dissipation for Flood Control Storage and Conveyance Systems 713 17.1Hydrologic Considerations 713 17.2Dams 714 17.3Spillways 725 17.4Hydraulic-Jump- Type Stilling Basins and Energy Dissipators 748 Chapter 18Sedimentation and Erosion Hydraulics 771 18.0Introduction 771 18.1Properties of Sediment 773 18.2Bed Forms and Flow Resistance 781 18.3Sediment Transport 786 18.4Bed Load Formulas 792 18.5Suspended Load 797 18.6Total Sediment Load (Bed Material Load Formulas) 800 18.7Watershed Sediment Yield 808 18.8Reservoir Sedimentation 812 18.9Stream Stability at Highway Structures 815 18.10Bridge Scour 821 Chapter 19Water Resources Management for Sustainability 827 19.1Integrated Water Resources Management for Sustainability 827 19.2Water Law: Surface and Groundwater Management Aspects 830 19.3Suslainable Water Supply Methodologies for Arid and Semi-Arid Regions 836 19.4Water Resources Economics 849 19.5Water Resource Systems Analysis 856 19.6Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 862 Appendix A Newton-Raphson Method 869 Index 873