CONTENTS Illustrations xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv PARTI The past, present and future context 1 1 Nature, climate and hazard 3 Adapting to urban risk 4 The development of urban form 6 Progress and nature 9 A vision of a city 11 Mastering the weather 13 Unpacking'natural'disasters 15 How natural are 'natural' disasters? 16 Conclusion 18 2 Drivers for change 20 From Homo sapiens to Homo urbanus? 20 Population growth and land use 22 Awareness of the impact of humanity 24 An improved means to an unimproved end 27 A changing climate 30 Climatic impacts 31 Responding to drivers 34 Conclusion 36 PART II The problems of water in the city 39 3 Too much water in the city 41 Flooding and land use controls 42 The evolution offloading and land use 44 The scope offloading 47 Flooding from watercourses 49 Flooding from coasts and estuaries 51 Flooding from surface water and drains 54 Flooding from groundwater 58 Unpacking spatial vulnerability 59 Wider flooding impacts 61 Conclusion 62 4 Too little water in the city 64 The exploitation of water 65 The scope of water scarcity 66 The water supply infrastructure 69 Water and growth71 Domestic water use 73 Virtual water use76 Reflecting upon water scarcity and the city 80 Conclusion 82 PART III Towards a conceptual framework 85 5 Risk, resilience and spatial planning 87 Towards a framing concept 88 Lost in translation? 89 The evolution of risk 90 From act of god to act of humanity to act of planners? 92 Deconstructing risk 94 Deconstructing resilience 96 Risk, resilience and water in the city 97 The perception of risk 100 Conclusion101 6 Principles of intervention . 104 A basis for intervention 105 Linking risk, resilience and uncertainty with adaptation and mitigation 106 A conceptual framework of risk 108 Engaging with uncertainty 111 The production of knowledge 113 The application of knowledge 117 Beyond spatial planning 118 Conclusion119 PART IV Planning for a sustainable future 123 7 Hazard and resilience in the city 125 Managing hazard 126 Soft infrastructure129 The application of SUDS 132 Green infrastructure 133 The application of green infrastructure 136 Reflecting upon infrastructure and resilience 138 Future housing growth and hazard 140 Conclusion142 8 Exposure and resilience in the city 144 Unpacking exposure 145 Exposure and spatial planning 146 Exposure to flooding 147 Addressing exposure to flooding 149 j Exposure to water scarcity 152 Addressing exposure to water scarcity 152 Conclusion155 I 9 Vulnerability and resilience in the city 157 Managing vulnerability 158 Resilience and outcome vulnerability 161 I Resistance, resilience and repair ability 163 Resilience and contextual vulnerability 165 Addressing contextual vulnerability 168 Conclusion170 ; 10 Towards a more sustainable city 172 Impacts and intervention174 Where to begin175 period of managerial shifts176 Envisioning a water resilient city 177 Tie past, f resent and future context 179 The problems of water in the city 181 Towards a conceptual framework 182 Planning for a sustainable future 185 Bibliography 187 197