C O N T E N T S
Preface
Acknowledgment
Part 1 TRANSIT OPERATIONS AND NETWORKS
Chapter 1 TRANSIT OPERATIONS AND SERVICE SCHEDULING
1.1 Basic operating elements
1.1.1 Line, network, stop and station
1.1.2 Vehicles, transit units and fleet size
1.1.3 Usage of service: passenger flow and volume
1.1.4 Operating elements: headway and frequency
1.1.5 Capacity, work and utilization
1.1.6 Travel times
1.1.7 Speeds
1.2 Information files and data collection: surveys and counts
1.2.1 Organization of surveys
1.2.2 Transit speed-and-delay survey
1.2.3 Passenger volume and load count
1.2.4 Passenger boarding and alighting counts
1.2.5 Other types of surveys
1.3 Transit travel characteristics
1.3.1 Factors influencing transit travel
1.3.2 Spatial distribution of transit travel
1.3.3 Temporal variations of transit travel
1.3.4 Passenger volume analysis and service capacity determination
1.3.5 Characteristics of travel on a transit line
1.3.6 Indicators of transit usage
1.4 Scheduling of service
1.4.1 Components of the scheduling process
1.4.2 Determination of service requirements
1.4.3 Scheduling procedure
1.4.4 Procedure summary, examples and numerical schedules
1.4.5 Graphical presentations of transit operations
1.4.6 Crew scheduling or run-cutting
1.4.7 Use of computers in scheduling
1.4.8 Measures of operating efficiency
Chapter 2 CAPACITY, SPEED, ACCELERATED AND SPECIAL OPERATIONS
2.1 Transit line capacity
2.1.1 Elements of line capacity
2.1.2 Capacity computations
2.1.3 Systems approach to transit line capacity
2.1.4 Capacities of different modes
2.2 Increase of transit speed
2.2.1 Desirability of speed increase
2.2.2 Possible measures for speed increase
2.2.3 Sensitivity of transit speeds to elements of cycle time
2.2.4 Evaluations of measures for speed increase
2.3 Stops and stopping regimes
2.3.1 Definitions and relationships
2.3.2 Stopping regimes and stops
2.3.3 Practical values of stop spacings
2.4 Accelerated rail transit operations with fixed stopping schedules
2.4.1 Skip-stop operation
2.4.2 Zonal operation
2.4.3 Express/local operation
2.4.4 Comparison of all-stop, skip-stop, zonal and express/local operations
2.4.5 Methodology for selection of accelerated operations
2.5 Scheduling of single-track lines, circle lines and trunk lines with branches
2.5.1 Single-track lines
2.5.2 Circle lines
2.5.3 Trunk lines with branches
Chapter 3 MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION IN TRANSIT SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
3.1 Application of systems analysis in transit
3.1.1 Introduction of methodology
3.1.2 Classification of applications
3.2 Conceptual models
3.2.1 The conceptual modeling methodology
3.2.2 Representative applications of conceptual models
3.3 Mathematical modeling procedure and applications
3.3.1 The mathematical modeling procedure
3.3.2 Models for optimization of rolling stock
3.3.3 Models for analysis of operations
3.4 Applications of simulation methodology
3.5 Evaluation of systems analysis and operations research in transit
Chapter 4 TRANSIT LINES AND NETWORKS
4.1 Planning objectives, principles and considerations
4.1.1 Passenger attraction
4.1.2 Network operating efficiency
4.1.3 Network - city interactions
4.2 Geometry of transit lines
4.2.1 Spacing of parallel lines
4.2.2 Line lengths
4.2.3 Line alignments
4.2.4 Independent vs. integrated lines
4.3 Types of transit lines and their characteristics
4.3.1 Radial and diametrical lines
4.3.2 Tangential, circumferential, circle and loop lines
4.3.3 Trunk lines with branches and feeders
4.3.4 Rights-of-way in special alignments
4.4 Transfers in transit networks
4.4.1 Classification of transfers by headway length
4.4.2 Classification of transfers by type of line
4.4.3 Metro station layouts and schedules for simultaneous transfers
4.4.4 The importance of transfers
4.5 Timed transfer system networks
4.5.1 Timed transfer system scheduling
4.5.2 Multifocal networks
4.5.3 Graphical presentation of synchronized schedules
4.6 Transit network types and their characteristics
4.6.1 Networks of modes with different right-of-way categories
4.6.2 Rail transit network types and their characteristics
4.6.3 Review of transit network types
4.7 Analysis of metro network geometric forms
4.7.1 Classification of metro network measures and indicators
4.7.2 Network size and form
4.7.3 Network topology
4.7.4 Application to network analysis
4.7.5 Relationship of metro network to the city
4.7.6 Measures of offered and utilized service
4.7.7 Selection of evaluation items for specific analyses
Chapter 5 PLANNING OF RAIL TRANSIT STATION LOCATIONS
5.1 Objectives in station location planning
5.2 Passenger travel time
5.2.1 Two trade-offs
5.2.2 The model
5.2.3 Case a: uniform passenger distribution
5.2.4 Case b: uniform cumulative boarding
5.2.5 Case c: variable cumulative boarding
5.2.6 Case d: variable boarding and alighting
5.2.7 Application of theoretical analysis to rapid transit station planning
5.3 Other objectives in station locations selection
5.3.1 Area coverage
5.3.2 Attraction of passengers
5.3.3 Cost of stations
5.3.4 Auto-transit interface
5.3.5 Local objectives and requirements
5.4 Integration of objectives
5.5 Addition or closing of a station
5.6 Area coverage versus operating speed
5.6.1 Conventional approaches to planning of stations
5.6.2 Use of skip-stop services to improve area coverage
5.7 Station spacings on actual rail transit networks
Part 2 TRANSIT AGENCY ECONOMICS AND ORGANIZATION
Chapter 6 TRANSIT AGENCY OPERATIONS, ECONOMICS AND MARKETING
6.1 Organizational Structure of Transit Agencies
6.1.1 Board of directors
6.1.2 Organizational setup
6.2 Management and Personnel
6.2.1 Management organization
6.2.2 Personnel and labor unions
6.3 Transit System Statistics, Performance and Economic Measures
6.3.1 Transit service area and its characteristics
6.3.2 Transit system and services
6.3.3 Transit usage, work and productivity
6.3.4 Revenues, costs and operating ratio
6.3.5 Indicators of efficiency, utilization and consumption
6.4 Transit Agency Operations
6.4.1 Attitudes toward transit users
6.4.2 Organization and control of operations
6.4.3 Applications of ITS/Telematics technology
6.4.4 Rail rolling stock/bus fleet maintenance and replacement
6.4.5 Safety, legal suits and security
6.5 Transit System Full Accessibility
6.5.1 The problem of mobility and its solutions
6.5.2 Accessibility of different transit modes
6.5.3 Accessibility for different user categories
6.5.4 Results and significance of full accessibility
6.6 Information System for Passengers
6.6.1 Planning a transit information system
6.6.2 Classification of present and potential users
6.6.3 Information items, their contents and forms
6.6.4 Locations of information
6.6.5 Common causes for deficiencies in information systems
6.6.6 Planning, testing and maintenance of the information system
6.7 Marketing and Public Relations
6.7.1 Definition and purpose
6.7.2 Marketing strategies
6.7.3 Marketing activities
6.7.4 Public relations
6.7.5 Conclusions
Chapter 7 TRANSIT FARES
7.1 Objectives in transit fare determination
7.2 Fare collection
7.2.1 Times, locations and methods of fare collection and control
7.2.2 Forms of payment
7.2.3 Self-service fare collection - SSFC
7.2.4 Automated fare collection - AFC
7.2.5 Evaluation of fare collection systems
7.3 Fare structures
7.3.1 Flat fare
7.3.2 Graduated fares
7.3.3 Comparison of the three fare structures
7.3.4 Transfer fares
7.4 Special higher and lower fares
7.4.1 Fares for high-quality services
7.4.2 Peak/off-peak and commuter fares
7.4.3 Child, family and student fares
7.4.4 Fares for senior citizens, disabled and low-income persons
7.4.5 Night, group, family and other special fares
7.4.6 Use of special fares
7.5 Fare level
7.5.1 Influencing factors
7.5.2 The range and domains of fare level
7.5.3 Fare elasticity of transit demand
7.5.4 Characteristics of different domains
7.5.5 Selection of fare level
Chapter 8 FINANCING OF TRANSIT
8.1 Principles and Trends in Financing Transit Services
8.1.1 Government participation in transportation financing
8.1.2 Funding of different transportation modes in the U.S.
8.1.3 Principles in allocating transportation funds
8.1.4 Sources of funds for public services
8.1.5 Relationship of transit fare levels and public financing
8.1.6 Roles of different government levels
8.1.7 Summary review of public policies in transit financing
8.2 Sources of Local and State Funds for Transit
8.2.1 Taxes dedicated to transit
8.2.2 Characteristics of different types of taxes
8.2.3 Transit organizations with taxation powers
8.2.4 Structure of local-state-federal funding
8.3 Federal Funding of Transit
8.3.1 Development of the federal role in transit
8.3.2 Trends in federal funding
8.3.3Criteria for capital fund allocation
8.4 Improving efficiency of transit agencies
8.4.1 Requirements for efficiency
8.4.2 International efforts to increase transit efficiency
Chapter 9 TRANSIT OWNERSHIP, REGULATION AND ORGANIZATION
9.1 Private transit companies and public takeover
9.1.1 Transit origins and the needs for government control
9.1.2 The problems with private companies
9.1.3 Public takeover of transit companies
9.2 Ownership and forms of transit systems
9.2.1 Private transit companies
9.2.2 City area public transit agencies
9.2.3 Regional transit agencies
9.3 Integration of transit provided by different operators
9.3.1 Limited functional integration
9.3.2 Full functional integration: Transit federation
9.4 Regulation of transit services
9.4.1 Purposes of regulation and its categories by subject
9.4.2 The role and importance of transit regulation
9.5 Unregulated transit services
9.5.1 Unregulated paratransit in developing countries
9.5.2 Deregulation experiments in developed countries
9.5.3 Transit deregulation in other countries
9.6 Evolving forms of transit ownership, organization and management
9.6.1 Organizational problems and their causes
9.6.2 Reevaluation of transit agency structures
9.6.3 Privatization and other forms of transit reorganization
Part 3 TRANSIT SYSTEMS PLANNING AND MODE SELECTION
Chapter 10 TRANSIT SYSTEMS PLANNING
10.1 Purpose and organization of transit planning
10.1.1 Short- and long-range transit planning
10.1.2 Need for comprehensive planning
10.1.3 Legal and administrative aspects
10.1.4 The initial set of comprehensive transportation plans
10.1.5 Evolution and trends in urban transportation planning
10.2 Planning procedure and methodology
10.2.1 The basic steps in a transportation planning process
10.2.2 Transit system planning procedure
10.2.3 Setting goals, policies, objectives and standards
10.2.4 Data collection and evaluation of the present system
10.3 Travel and transit demand forecasting
10.3.1 Introduction to four-step and other demand forecasting models
10.3.2 Trip generation
10.3.3 Trip distribution
10.3.4 Modal split
10.3.5 Trip assignment
10.3.6 Alternative methods to four-step model
10.4 Transit plan development, evaluation and selection
10.4.1 Planning procedure
10.4.2 Examples of long-range transit planning
10.5 Review of the process and trends in transit planning
10.5.1 Planning process and its components
10.5.2 Trends in transit planning
Chapter 11 ANALYSIS, EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF TRANSIT MODES
11.1 Evaluation and selection of public projects
11.2 Transit mode evaluations
11.2.1 Classification and review of mode comparison studies
11.2.2 The basic principles and methodology for transit mode evaluation
11.3 Definition of the conditions set
11.3.1 Passenger requirements
11.3.2 Transit operator's requirements
11.3.3 Community requirements
11.3.4 Selection of requirements
11.4 Formulation, comparison and selection of candidate modes
11.4.1 Formulation of alternative modes or systems
11.4.2 Mode evaluation and selection
11.4.3 Summary of mode selection procedure
11.4.4 An example of the mode comparison procedure: Lindenwold Rail Line and Shirley Busway
Chapter 12 PLANNING AND SELECTION OF
MEDIUM AND HIGH PERFORMANCE TRANSIT MODES
12.1 Basic elements of transit modes
12.1.1 Right-of-way categories and their significance
12.1.2 Transit system technology
12.1.3 Type of network and service
12.1.4 Interdependence of ROW and systems technology
12.1.5 Review of technological and operational features
12.2 Medium performance transit modes
12.2.1 Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
12.2.2 Light Rail Transit (LRT)
12.2.3 Automated Guided Transit (AGT)
12.2.4 Comparisons of medium performance modes
12.3 High performance transit modes
12.3.1 Light rail rapid transit modes (LRRT)
12.3.2 Rail Rapid Transit (Metro)
12.3.3 Rubber Tired Rapid Transit (RTRT)
12.3.4 Monorails
12.3.5 Review of guided modes and their automation
12.3.6 Regional transit modes
12.3.7 Trends in regional rail transit development
Appendix I SI and English units and conversion factors
Appendix II List of Abbreviations
Appendix III Definitions of transit systems terms
Appendix IV Answers to selected exercise questions
Index