Preface xi 1.The Urban Situation 3 The Resilience of Cities: New York, Post-9/11 3 Cities in a Global System: Comparing the Recoveries of Post-9/11 New York and Post-Katrina New Orleans 4 Power and the Study of Urban Government 7 Public and Private Power in the Rebuilding at Ground Zero 8 Privatism: The Limited Power of Government 10 The Themes of This Book 11 Conclusion: The Urban Situation 21 2. The Evolution of Cities and Suburbs 26 Natural Factors and the Shape of the Evolving Metropolis 26 Hidden Urban Policy: Governmental Influences on Metropolitan Development 31 The Importance of Corporate and Private Power 41 Public and Private Power and the Rise of Homelessness 47 Conclusion: Private Power, Hidden Policies, and the Urban Situation 48 3. Recent Trends: Gentrification and Globalization 54 The Gentrification of Core City Neighborhoods 54 Globalization or Global Cities? 59 Conclusion: Globalization, Power, and Democracy 70 4. Who Has the Power? Decision Making, Economic Development, and Urban Regimes 77 Moving Beyond the Power Elite Versus Pluralism Debates 77 City Limits: Economic Competition Shapes Local Politics 79 Regime Theory: Getting Things Done by Building Governing Coalitions 83 The Transformation of San Francisco: Political Power and Local Economic Development 87 Conclusion; Constrained Local Politics90 5. Formal Structure and Leadership Style95 Dillon's Rule, Home Rule, and Preemption95 The Formal Structure of City Government 103 Women in Local Government 113 The Difficult Task of Mayoral Leadership 114 Minority Mayors and the Debate over Deracialization 115 Conclusion: The Limited Position of Cities and the Prospects for Local Leadership 117 6. The Machine, Reform, and Postreform City 127 Why Urban Machines Lasted for So Long 129 Why Political Machines Declined 132 A Look at the Reform Movement: Who Were the Reformers? 136 The Reforms and Their Impact 138 The Growth of Bureaucratic Power 146 A New Generation of Reform Measures: The Postreform City 147 Conclusion: The Postreform City 151 7. Citizen Participation 158 The Roots of Urban Participation 159 Levels of Citizen Participation 162 Keys to Making Citizen Engagement Work 166 The Evolution of Community Organizations: From Protest to Partnership and Service Provision 168 Community Development Corporations 173 E-Government and E-Participation 174 Conclusion: The Importance of Bottom-Up Participation and the Role of Government 175 8. Improving Urban Services180 The Bureaucratic City-State 180 The Importance of Street-Level Bureaucracy 181 Professionalism: A Cure for the Urban Bureaucracy Problem? 182 Performance Measurement: Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Equity in Municipal Government 182 Coproduction and Neighborhood-Based Service Delivery: Improving Services by Partnering with Citizens 185 Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) 186 Service Contracting and Privatization 189 The Private Management of Public Schools 193 School Choice: Vouchers, Tax Credits, and Charter Schools 195 Conclusion: Improving Public Services 202 9. Suburban Politics and Metropolitan America 208 The Heterogeneity of Suburbia 209 Is It Race or Income that Determines Where People Live?The Evidence on Discrimination in Metropolitan Housing Markets 212 Schools and Suburbia: Recent Trends 213 Suburban Land Use and Exclusion 216 Suburban Autonomy and Metropolitan Fragmentation 222 Smart Growth: Protecting the Natural Environment 223 New Urbanism: Can We Build Better Suburbs? 226 Conclusion: Toward a Workable Regionalism? 228 10. Regional Governance in a Global Age 235 Old-Style Metropolitanism 236 Is Metropolitan Government Desirable? Two Schools of Thought 249 Regional Cooperation, Old Style 251 Toward a New Regionalism: Regional Governance, not RegionalGovernment 258 Moving Beyond Business-Led Regionalism: Building Creative Regional Alliances 260 Conclusion: Governing Regions in a Global Age 261 11. The Intergovernmental City: State and National Policy 268 The Constitutional Basis for Federal Urban Programs 268 Grants-in-Aid: The Basis of Cooperative Federalism 272 Types of Grants 272 Problems with the Grant System274 Unfunded Mandates 276 National Policy Toward Cities 277 The Importance of State Action 284 Conclusion: Urban Policy in an Anti-urban Policy Age 288 12. The Future of Urban America294 The Emphasis on Economic Development295 The Future of Minority Empowerment297 Urban Policy in a Suburban Age300 Toward Sustainable Cities305 The Urban Future and the New Normal311 Name Index317 Index321 About the Authors345