Preface ix Acknowledgement x Introduction 1 1A Brief History of City Building 10 Ancient Cities 10 Classic Cities 12 Medieval Cities 15 Neo-Classic Cities 15 Colonial and Industrial Cities 18 Reconstruction of Cities 20 Development of Modern Cities 23 Capital Cities of the 20th Century 34 2 Development of Modern Urban Planning 41 Influence of Scientific and Technological Invention 41 Influence of Art and Architecture Movements on Planning 46 Social Reforms 48 Changing Emphasis in Planning: Purposes of Planning 49 Changing Urban Planning Concepts 51 Urban Growth Management 53 Environmental Consciousness 54 Sustainable Community 55 Strategic Planning 61 Public Participation and Consensus Building 62 The Planning Process (The Urban Planning System) 64 Innovative Planning Tools 65 3The General Plan Preparation 71 Planning Analysis of Current Situation 72 Physical Planning and Community Development Elements 73 Planning Municipal and Other Governmental Services Elements 88 Coordination of Governments and Community Participation 96 Future Land Use and Transportation Plan 97 Revision of General Plan 98 4The Planning Agency: Organization and Structure 99 State Government as Planning Agency 99 Local Government as Planning Agency 100 Functions of a Planning Agency 102 The City Planning Commission or Board and Metropolitan Planning 103 Commission or Board Organization of Activities 105 5Plan Implementation 106 Zoning 106 Subdivision Regulations 111 Building Codes 114 Infrastructure Development 119 Capital Improvement: Projects, Planning, Programming and Budgeting 121 Implementation Politics 122 6 Budgeting and Finance 125 Local Government Revenues 125 What are Capital Improvements? 126 Capital Improvement Program (CIP) Office 127 Projects that are Capital Improvements but not the Responsibility of 127 the Municipality Financing the Capital Improvements 128 Financing for Urbanization and Shortage of Urban Services in India 129 Progress of Urban Reforms and Financial Assistance by External Agencies 129 Financing by U.S. Agency for International Development (USA1D) 130 Financing by World Bank (WB) 130 Financing by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) 133 Latest Aid Agreement 134 Procuring Funds from Financial Institutions 134 7Planning Law: Legal Basis of Planning 136 Constitutionality 136 State Enabling Legislation 138 Property Rights Within the Context of Social Planning 139 Difficulties of Public Planning on Private Land 141 Harmful Laws and Practices: Squatters, Rent Control, Eviction 144 8India's Housing Crisis 147 The Housing Shortage 147 Urban Slums and Squatter Settlements 148 Low and Middle Income Housing 153 Housing Process in the United States 154 India's Housing Efforts 156 Obstacles in India's Housing Efforts 157 Technological Innovations 158 9The Future of Urbanization in India 161 Economic Boom in India is Real 161 Wisdom of the Father 163 The British Experience 164 The Central Place Theory 164 The Reality of Metropolis and Megalopolis 166 Industrial Agglomeration is No Longer Necessary 167 Plan for Decongestion of Metropolitan Cities, Control Congestion in 168 Growing Cities, and Build New Cities India's Balanced Development and Regional Urban Development Policy 168 State and Regional Planning 170 Satellite Cities in the Making 170 10 An Evaluation of Guwahati Master Plan: A Sad Story of 172 Missed Opportunities Guwahati's Planning History 172 Growth of Guwahati 174 Vehicular Traffic in Guwahati 175 Guwahati's Future 176 Public Responsibilities 178 My City Planning Ordeal 178 The Assam Town and Country Planning Act, 1959 183 Financing Improvements 184 Dilemma of High Rise Buildings 184 Limits of Growth 185 Public Apathy 185 11 Urban Renewal and Infrastructure Improvement 187 What is Urban Renewal 187 Fanci Bazar Jail Site Renewal and Urban Design 188 Riverside Development 191 Government Owned Lands and Properties 191 Renewal of Existing Developments 192 Poor Infrastructure 195 12 Solutions to Drainage Problems in Guwahati 197 Understanding the Drainage Problems 197 Stormwater Management Plan 199 13 Managing Floods with Conservation of Flood Water in Lakes 206 and Wetlands Current Strategy: Flood Control by Draining Flood Water 206 Flood Water Conservation Strategy: An Alternate Solution 210 Manage Watersheds and Restore Lakes 210 Foresight, Wisdom and Determination 211 Potential Economic Effects of a Flood Management Program 212 Appendix 213 Bibliography 250 Index 252