CONTENTS Preface x Acknowledgments xiii Illustration Credits xiv PART ONEBACKGROUND 1 Setting the Stage 1 People and Place 7 How People Have Shaped Their Worlds Introduction8 Antecedents 10 The 1960s14 The Movement and the Civic Environment16 Organizational Responses to the Rise of Citizen Participation21 Growing Pains-The Challenges of Citizen Participation25 Citizen Participation-Where We May Be Heading 28 Summary31 2. Urban Design Traditions 33 Design and People-Spatial Models in the Built World Introduction34 The Organic Tradition35 The Formalist Tradition48 The Modernist Tradition55 Interactions and Overlaps of the Three Traditions60 Getting to Where We Are Today63 Environmentalist Responses-From Exploitation to Balance64 Design Responses-From Old Urbanism to New Urbanism, or Forward to the Past 66 Citizen Participation and Urban Design-From Receiver to Transmitter67 The Place Design Disciplines-From Divergence to Convergence69 Summary71 PART TWOCONTENT 73 The Elements of Urban Design 3. The Physical Environment 77 The Places People Occupy The Natural World78 The Built World-What People Have Done with it 89 Summary125 4. Human Activity 127 The Things People Do What People Have to Do, Want to Do, and Where They Do It128 Summary 139 5. Connections 141 The Infrastructure That Ties People and Places Together Introduction142 Transportation147 Utilities152 Communications 158 Summary160 PART THREEPRINCIPLES 161 Principles for Urban Design Theory and Practice 6. Design 169 Design Matters (or There's No There in There) Introduction170 Good Design Makes Better Places172 Design Places to Reflect the People Who Are or Will Be There173 Design Places Consciously and Holistically176 Design Is an Essential Skill178 Beware of Solutionism182 Design in the Context of Time (and Motion)183 Summary185 7. Change 187 Change Happens Introduction188 Change Dynamics189 Framework for understanding and Managing Change193 Trends in Change Management196 The Triad of Vision, Information, and Action197 Provide for Choice204 Be Ready 206 Summary206 8. Organization 209 Coordination and Partnership Introduction210 Leadership211 Principles for Guiding Community Organizations212 Principles for Guiding Private Sector Organizations221 Principles for Guiding Government Organizations225 Summary229 PART FOURPROCESSES 231 What It Takes to Get It Done 9. Rules 237 That Make Places What They Are Introduction238 Zoning242 Comprehensive Plans248 Public Improvement Plans250 Subdivision257 Public Works Standards253 Land Development Rules at the State and Federal Levels254 Special Purpose Rules260 Building and Life Safety Rules265 Financing Rules266 Summary267 10. Tools269 Using the Right Tool Makes the Job Easier Introduction270 Process Tools and Resources270 Rules to Tools286 Summary306 11. Techniques 307 Putting the Tools to Use Introduction308 The Pieces308 Navigational Techniques325 Summary 347 PART FIVESTRATEGIES 349 12. Strategies 351 Merger of Processes and Resources Introduction352 Resources352 Strategic Considerations for Communities363 Strategic Considerations for Urban Designers366 Strategic Approaches for Recurring Development Problems367 Summary377 Bibliography 375 Index 379