Contents Preface ix Acknowledgmentsxi Prologue1 Part One: Foundations21 1.1 Reflections on the Scientific and Political Significance of Decision Theory 23 1.2 Science and Design Seminars: Introduction: Out of the Cave 41 1.3 Seminar 1: Modes of Innovation 47 1.4 Seminar 2: Images and Messages 53 1.5 Seminar 3: Communications 63 1.6 Seminar 4: Establishing Order 71 1.7 Seminar 5: Measuring Values and Images 79 1.8 Seminar 6: Environments 85 1.9 Seminar 7: Design95 1.10Seminar 8: Models of and for Design (Part 1) 107 1.11Seminar 9: Models of and for Design (Part 2) 121 1.12Seminar 10: Conclusion135 Part Two: Wicked Problems147 2.1 On the Planning Crisis: Systems Analysis of the First and Second Generations 151 Part Three: Design Reasoning 167 3.1 Structure and Usefulness of Planning Information Systems 171 3.2 Issues as Elements of Information Systems 181 3.3 The Reasoning of Designers 187 Part Four: Consequences of Design 197 4.1 Technological Change and Urban Structure 199 4.2 On Rittel's Pathologies of Planning 215 Epilogue 233 References 239 Author Index 243 Subject Index245