Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Classification of Buildings Based on Occupancy 1 1.2 Classification of Buildings According to Type of Construction 4 1.3 Basic Components of a Building 6 1.4 Design Loads 10 1.5 Load Combination 15 Chapter 2 Building Planning 17 2.1 Site Selection 17 2.2 Building By-laws 18 2.3 By-laws for Requirements of Buildings 21 2.4 Elementary Principles of Planning 22 2.5 Basic Requirements of a Building 24 2.6 Layout of Residential Buildings 25 2.7 Layout of Industrial Buildings 28 2.8 Building Permission 31 Chapter 3 Foundations 33 3.1 Functions of Foundations 33 3.2 Requirements of Foundation 34 3.3 Types of Foundations 34 3.4 Site Investigation 45 3.5 Bearing Capacity of Soil 50 3.6 Layout of Foundations 57 3.7 Excavation 58 3.8 Precautions to be Taken in Deep Trenching 61 3.9 Foundations in Special Situations 62 3.10 Cofferdams 71 3.11 Caissons 73 3.12 Failure of Foundation and Preventive Measures 76 3.13 Underpinning 77 Chapter 4 Stone Masonry 81 4.1 Materials for Stone Masonry 81 4.2 Dressing of Stones 82 4.3 Types of Stone Masonry 84 4.4 Structural Members Built of Stones 88 4.5 Joints in Stone Masonry 89 4.6 Lifting Appliances 91 4.7 Permissible Loads on Stone Masonry 94 4.8 Supervision of Stone Masonry Construction 94 4.9 Maintenance of Stone Masonry 94 Chapter 5 Brick Masonry 97 5.1 Materials for Brick Masonry 97 5.2 Terminology 97 5.3 Art of Bricklaying 100 5.4 Tools for Brickworks 101 5.5 Bonds in Brick Masonry 102 5.6 Junctions in Walls 107 5.7 Quoins 111 5.8 Typical Structural Members in Brickwork 112 5.9 Defects in Brick Masonry 119 5.10 Points to be Observed in Supervising Brick Masonry Works 120 5.11 Brick Masonry and Stone Masonry: A Comparison 121 5.12 Thickness of Brick Wall 121 Chapter 6 Concrete Block Masonry and Composite Masonry 123 6.1 Concrete Block Masonry 123 6.2 Stone Composite Masonry 124 6.3 Brick-Stone Composite Masonry 125 6.4 Reinforced Brick Masonry 126 Chapter 7 Partitions and Cavity Walls 131 7.1 Requirements of Partition Walls 131 7.2 Foundations for Partition Walls 131 7.3 Types of Partitions 132 7.4 Cavity Walls 138 7.5 Special Features in the Construction of Cavity Walls 139 Chapter 8 Doors, Windows and Ventilators 143 8.1 Locations of Doors, Windows and Ventilators 143 8.2 Materials for Doors, Windows and Ventilators 144 8.3 Terminology 144 8.4 Size of Door 145 8.5 Sizes of Timber 146 8.6 Types of Doors 146 8.7 Sizes of Windows 153 8.8 Size of Timber for Windows 154 8.9 Types of Windows 154 8.10 Ventilators 157 8.11 Fixtures and Fastenings for Doors and Windows 158 Chapter 9 Lintels and Arches 161 9.1 Lintels 161 9.2 Arches 163 9.3 Stability of Arches 164 9.4 Types of Arches 165 9.5 Construction of Arches 172 Chapter 10 Floor and Flooring 175 10.1 Construction of Ground Floor 175 10.2 Selection of Flooring Material 176 10.3 Types of Flooring 177 10.4 Upper Floors 180 Chapter 11 Roofs 185 11.1 Features of a Good Roof 185 11.2 Classification of Roofs 185 11.3 Steel Trusses vs Timber Trusses 194 11.4 Roof Covering for Pitched Roofs 194 11.5 Comparison Between GI and AC Sheets 196 11.6 Folded Plate and Shell Roofs 197 11.7 Shell Roofs and Conventional Roofs: A Comparison 198 11.8 Folded Plate Roofs and Shell Roofs: A Comparison 198 Chapter 12 Stairs and Lifts 201 12.1 Stairs 201 12.2 Types of Stairs 202 12.3 Requirements of a Good Stair 208 12.4 Geometric Design of Stairs 209 12.5 Ramps 210 12.6 Escalators 211 12.7 Lifts 211 Chapter 13 Plastering and Pointing 213 13.1 Purpose of Plastering 213 13.2 Materials Used for Plastering 213 13.3 Tools for Plastering 214 13.4 Surface Preparation 215 13.5 Number of Coats and Thickness of Plaster 215 13.6 Plastering with Mud 215 13.7 Lime Plastering 216 13.8 Cement Plastering and Cement-Lime Plastering 216 13.9 Types of Plaster Finishes 216 13.10 Use of Laths in Plastering 217 13.11 Defects in Plastering 217 13.12 Pointing 218 Chapter 14 Painting and Other Decorative Finishes 221 14.1 Paints 221 14.2 Varnishes 226 14.3 Distemper 227 14.4 Other Surface Finishing Works 228 Chapter 15 Cement Concrete Works 229 15.1 Plain Concrete 229 15.2 Reinforced Concrete 234 15.3 Fibre Reinforced Concrete 235 15.4 Ferrocement 236 15.5 Pre-stressed Concrete 236 15.6 Pre-cast Concrete 237 Chapter 16 Temporary Works 239 16.1 Formworks 239 16.2 Scaffolding 244 16.3 Shoring 247 16.4 Underpinning 250 Chapter 17 Plumbing Services 253 17.1 Water Distribution System 253 17.2 Principles of Pipe Layout 253 17.3 Materials for Water Pipes 254 17.4 Water Meter 254 17.5 Valves 255 17.6 Storage Tanks 255 17.7 House Drainage System 255 17.8 Traps 256 17.9 Sanitary Fittings 257 17.10 Systems of Plumbing 258 17.11 Anti-siphonage Pipe 260 Chapter 18 Electricity Supply 261 18.1 Planning of Electrical Supply System 261 18.2 Location of Main Switches 262 18.3 Wiring 262 18.4 Materials and Devices Used in Wiring 263 18.5 Earthing 263 18.6 Inspection and Testing of Installation 265 Chapter 19 Damp-Proofing and Waterproofing 267 19.1 Causes of Dampness 267 19.2 Effects of Dampness 268 19.3 Materials for Damp-proofing 268 19.4 Principles of Damp-proofing 269 19.5 Methods of Damp-proofing 269 19.6 Methods of Waterproofing Basement 271 19.7 Waterproofing of Flat Roofs 272 19.8 Waterproofing of Sloped Concrete Roofs 274 Chapter 20 Anti-termite Treatment 275 20.1 Types of Termites 275 20.2 Chemicals for Treatment 275 20.3 Pre-construction Treatment 276 20.4 Post-construction Treatment 276 20.5 Structural Barriers 276 Chapter 21 Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Thermal Insulation 279 21.1 Necessity of Ventilation 279 21.2 Design Considerations in Ventilation 279 21.3 Types of Ventilation 282 21.4 Air Conditioning 283 21.5 Classification of Air Conditioning 284 21.6 Requirements of Comfort AC 285 21.7 Building Planning for Air Conditioning 285 21.8 Systems of Air Conditioning 285 21.9 Essential Parts of an Air-conditioning System 286 21.10 Thermal Insulation 287 21.11 Terms Used in Heat Transfer 287 21.12 Thermal Insulating Materials 289 21.13 Methods of Thermal Insulation 290 Chapter 22 Acoustics of Buildings 293 22.1 Basic Theory of Sound 293 22.2 Reflection of Sound 295 22.3 Absorption of Sound 297 22.4 Sound Insulation 298 22.5 Acoustic Requirements of an Auditorium 299 22.6 Acoustic Design of Auditoriums 299 Chapter 23 Fire-resistive Construction 303 23.1 Fire-resistive Properties of Building Materials 303 23.2 Fire-resistant Construction 304 23.3 Fire Alarm 306 23.4 Fire Extinguishing Arrangement 306 Chapter 24 Earthquake-resistant Buildings 309 24.1 Terminology 309 24.2 Magnitude and Intensity of Earthquake 310 24.3 Earthquake Zones 310 24.4 Codes on Earthquake-resistant Building Design 312 24.5 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Small Buildings 312 24.6 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Tall Buildings 316 Chapter 25 Maintenance of Buildings 319 25.1 Daily Maintenance Works 319 25.2 Special Treatments 319 25.3 Major Treatments (Repairs) 320 Chapter 26 Equipment for Building Construction 323 26.1 Excavating Equipment 323 26.2 Earth Compaction Equipment 327 26.3 Concrete Construction Equipment 328 26.4 Bar Bending Machines 329 26.5 Hauling Equipment 329 26.6 Hoisting Equipment 330 26.7 Drilling Equipment 331 Chapter 27 Mass Housing Schemes and Cost-Effective Construction Techniques 333 27.1 Minimum Standards 334 27.2 Approach to Cost-Effective Mass Housing Schemes 335 27.3 Cost-Effective Construction Techniques 335 Chapter 28 Green Buildings 337 28.1 Energy Consumption in a Building 338 28.2 Positive Impact of Building to be Considered 338 28.3 Making a Building Green 338 Chapter 29 Planning and Management of Construction Projects 341 29.1 Resource Mobilization 342 29.2 Methods of Planning 343 29.3 Elements of a Network 344 29.4 Critical Path 347 29.5 Cost Analysis 347 29.6 Updating a Network Diagram 348 29.7 Advantages of CPM 348 Index 349