CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF ACRONYMS viii FOREWORD ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Background 1 Methodology 2 Structure of this Paper 4 2. TRENDS IN THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SUPPLY SECTOR 5 Trade in Products and Components that May be Used in the RES Sector 8 Tariffs 12 3. TRADE AND PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIC RENEWABLES 14 Solar Energy 14 Tariffs 17 Solar panels 18 Wind Energy 19 The wind-energy market 19 Trade 21 Tariffs 23 Wind turbines 24 Biomass 26 Biomass technologies and components 27 Bio-ethanol 29 Biodiesel 30 Tariffs 32 Other Sources of Renewable Energy 33 Hydroelectric equipment 33 Geothermal energy goods 34 Ocean energy goods, including tidal and wave energy products 35 Conclusions 36 4. TRADE AND MARKET DRIVERS 37 Unequal Government Subsidies and Taxes 37 Is Intellectual Property a Barrier to the Dissemination of Renewables? 38 Regression Analysis 39 5. CONCLUSIONS 46 ENDNOTES 48 ANNEX 1: HS CODES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND COMPONENTS 50 ANNEX 2: DETAILED METHODOLOGY 59 Case study 1: Biodiesel 60 Case study 2: Wind components 63 ANNEX 3: TRADE IN HYDRO, GEOTHERMAL, AND OCEAN ENERGY PRODUCTS AND COMPONENTS 65 ANNEX 4: APPLIED AND BOUND TARIFFS FOR SELECTED SINGLE-USE PRODUCTS 70 REFERENCES 73