CONTENTS Abbreviations 4 Preface 7 Acknowledgements11 Executive Summary 13 Recommendations 23 I - The Land and the People 27 II - Historical Background 31 A. Tibet in the Twentieth Century 35 B. The Invasion and Occupation of Tibet . 44 C. Tibet Under Chinese Communist Rule 49 D. First ICJ Report 53 E. Tibet at theUN 58 F. Second ICJ Report . 62 C. Second UN Resolution 66 H. Tibet's Final Appeal to the UN 69 I. Tibet During the Cultural Revolution 72 J. Post-Maoist Chinese Policies in Tibet 76 K. 1994 Third Tibet Work Forum 80 III - Tibet in China - Autonomy? 83 IV - Threats to Tibetan Identity and Culture 99 A. Population Transfer 101 B. Tibet's Cultural Heritage 120 C. Language 129 D. Development 136 E. Environment 162 A. Legal Framework 191 1. China's International Legal Obligations191 2. Chinese Internal Law 192 3. China's Stated Position on Human Rights 193 4. Independence of the Judiciary 196 B. Economic Social and Cultural Rights 204 1. Right to Education 214 2. Right to Housing 220 3. Right to Health223 C. Civil and Political Rights 232 1. Arbitrary Arrest and Detention - Political Imprisonment232 2. Torture and Ill-Treatment244 3. Extrajudicial and Arbitrary Executions 254 4. Freedom of Expression 260 5. Freedom of Religion 269 6. Freedom of Assembly and Political Activit 300 7. China's Population Control Policies in Tibe305 VI - Self-Determination319 Appendices 347 Annex 1 - Excerpts from ICJ Interview with the Dalai Lama349 Annex 2 - Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet 355 Annex 3 - United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1353 (XIV), 1959 359 Annex 4 - United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1723 (XVI), 1961 360 Annex 5 - United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2079 (XX), 1965 361 Annex 6 - Chronology 363 The Comment of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile 367