Foreword v Preface vii Acknowledgements ix 1. Bridge Decks and Structural Forms I 1.1 General 1 1.2 Structural Forms and Behaviour 2 1.2.1 Slab Decks3 1.2.2 Voided Slab Deck 4 1.2.3 PseudoSlab5 1.2.4 Maunsell Top Hat Beam 5 1.2.5 Beam and Slab 5 1.2.6 Box Girders6 1.2.7 Curved and Skew Decks6 References6 2. Behaviour and Modelling of Bridge Decks 7 2.1 General 7 2.2 Simple Beam Model (Method) . 8 2.3 Plate Model (Method and Analogy) 8 2.3.1 Orthotropic Plate Behaviour of Bridge Decks10 2.3.2 Semi Continuum Plate Analogy11 2.4 Articulated Plate Theory 12 .2.5 Characterizing Parameters for Longitudinal Bending Moments in Highway Bridges13 2.5.1 Multicell Box Girders14 2.6 Grillage Method115 2.7 Discrete Methods18 2.7.1 The Finite Element Method of Analysis18 2.7.2 Finite Strip Method 2.8 Bridge Responses 20 2.8.1 Longitudinal Bending Moment20 2.8.2 Transverse Bending Moment20 2.8.3 Longitudinal Twisting Moment and Transverse Twisting Moment 21 2.8.4 Longitudinal and Transverse Shear 21 References21 3. Beam and Slab Bridge Decks 22 3.1 General 22 3.2 Courbon's Method of Analysis 22 3.2.1 Reaction Factors for Longitudinal Girders23 3.3 Orthotropic Plate Method 27 3.3.1 Basic Analysis27 3.3.2 Design Approach 29 3.3.3 Design Curves for Right Bridge Decks30 3.4 Application of Morice, Little and Rowe Curves for Cases of T Beam and Slab Bridges 47 3.5 Local Wheel Load Effects 49 3.5.1 Slab Supported on Two Opposite Sides (Spanning in One Direction) 50 3.5.2 Cantilever Slab51 3.6 Dispersion Along the Span 52 3.6.1 Slabs Spanning in Two Directions52 3.6.2 Pigeaud's Method has the Following Limitations53 3.6.3 Influence Surf aces for Moments53 3.7 Illustrative Example 54 References69 4. Box Girder Bridge Decks 70 4.1 Evolution of Box Girders 70 4.2Preliminary Design and Analysis 4.3 Structural Action 72 4.4 Analysis for Individual Structural Actions 78 4.4.1 Sign Convention78 4.4.2 Analysis for Longitudinal Bending and St Venant's Torsion (fibg,vibg,vsvt)78 v 4.4.2.1 Analysis for distortion of the Section (fdwt,ftM)81 4.4.2.2 Distortional warping'stress81 4.4.2.3 Beam on elastic foundation analogy for analysis of distortion and distortional warping 81 4.4.3 Analysis for Transverse Bending (ftrf)2)88 4.4.4 Other Structural Action88 4.5 Illustrative Example 88 4.5.1 Basic Data for Analysis and Design88 4.5.2 Sectional Properties of Box Girder Cross Section89 4.5.3 Loads 90 4.5.4 Analysis for Longitudinal Flexural Stresses93 4.5.5 Analysis for Longitudinal Stresses Due to Distortional Warping (fdwr) and Analysis for Transverse Bending Due to Asymmetric Loading (ftrbl)94 4.5.5.1 Analysis for distortional warping95 4.5.5.2 Analysis for transverse bending103 4.5.5.3 Combination of stresses107 4.6 Approach by Newmark's Method 107 4.7 Illustrative Example 111 4.7.1 Distortional Analysis of Box Girder Bridge Decks Using The Beam - on - Elastic Foundation Analogy111 References121 5. Skew Slab Bridge Decks 123 5.1 General 123 5.2 Behaviour of Skew Bridge Decks 124 5.3 Characteristics of Skew Deck 126 5.4 Method of Analysis and Design Procedure 132 5.5 Influence Surface Method 133 5.6 Grillage Analogy Method 134 5.6.1 Behaviour of Right Slab and Grillage134 5.6.2 Behaviour of Skew Slab and Grillage135 5.7 Finite Element Method 136 5.8 Reinforcement for Flexure 137 5.9 Stiffening Edges 138 5.10 Torsional Reinforcement 139 5.11 Bearings 139 5.12 Prestressing of Skew Slabs 141 5.12.1 Longitudinal Prestressing141 5.12.2 Transverse Prestressing143 References143 6. Voided Slab Bridge Decks 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.1.1 Cross Section Dimensions146 6.2 Analysis of Structures 147 6.3 Methods of Analysis 148 6.3.1 Orthotropic Plate Theory148 6.3.2 Lateral Distribution Coefficients for Voided Slabs149 6.3.3 Design in Longitudinal Direction151 6.3.4 Design in the Transverse Direction152 6.3.4.1 Evaluation of transverse shear force Q 153 6.3.5 Design of Bottom Flange153 6.3.6 Design of Top Flange156 6.3.7 Design of Web156 6.3.7.1 Tensile stress less than allowable stress158 6.3.7.2 Tensile stress greater than allowable stress158 6.4 Grillage Analysis 160 6.4.1 Discretization of the Deck as Grillage161 6.4.2 Design for Longitudinal Action162 6.4.3 Design for Transverse Action162 6.5 Finite Element Analysis 162 References165 7. Continuous Bridges 1 A Introduction 166 7.2 Types of Continuous Bridges 167 7.2.1 Precast Simply Supported Girder with Cast in-situ Continuous Slabs 1 67 7.2.1.1 Continuity detail type 1: Tied deck slab168 7.2.1.2 Continuity detail type 2: Narrow in-situ integral crosshead168 7.2.1.3 Continuity detail type 3: Wide in-situ integral crosshead169 7.2.1.4 Continuity detail type 4: Integral crosshead cast in two stages 170 7.2.1.5 Continuity detail type 5: Continuous deck slab with separated beams 170 7.2.2 Preference for Type of Continuity170 7.2.3 Type 4 Method171 7.2.4 Type 3 Method172 7.2.5 Type 2 Method173 7.3 Analysis 173 7.3.1 Stage I Analysis: Evaluation of Stresses174 7.3.2 Stage II Analysis176 References111 8. Bearings and Expansion Joints 178 8.1 General 178 8.2 Bearings 179 8.2. 1 Classification and Types of Bearings181 8.2.1.1 Roller bearings181 8.2.1.2 Rocker bearings182 8.2.1.3 Knuckle pin bearings182 8.2.1.4 Leaf bearings182 8.2.1.5 Link bearings182 8.2.1.6 Sliding bearings183 8.2.1.7 Elastomeric bearing183 8.2.1.8 Pot /PTFE bearings183 8.2.7.9 Disc bearings187 8.2.2 Guidelines for Selection of Bearings187 8.2.3 Design Considerations189 8.2.3.1 Forces applied to bridge bearings190 8.2.3.2 Downward force190 8.2.3.3 Transverse force190 8.2.3.4 Longitudinal force190 8.2.3.5 Uplift forces190 8.2.3.6 Other forces190 8.2.3.7 Bearing reactions190 8.2.4 Basis for Design of Metallic Bearings191 8.2.4.1 Evaluation of stresses191 8.2.4.2 Estimation of movements and rotations191 8.2.5 Ferrous Bearings of Traditional Types192 8.1.5.1 Free bearings192 8.2.5.2 Fixed bearings192 8.2.6 Simple Design Examples193 8.2.6.1 Rocker bearing193 8.2.6.2 Knuckle pin bearing194 8.2.6.3 Leaf bearing194 8.2.7 Design of Bearings of Different Capabilities and Usages195 8.2.7.1 Design ofPOT/PTFE Verso-biaxial bearing196 8.2.8 Design of Elastomeric Bearings 202 8.2.8.1 Design rules 203 8.3 Expansion Joints 208 8.3.1 Requirements of Expansion Joints 208 8.3.2 Sources of External Load Induced Movements209 8.3.3 Sources of Movements Caused By Non-Structural Effects209 8.3.4 Types of Expansion Joints210 8.3.5 Basis for Selection of Type of Joints 210 8.3.5.1 Sliding plate joints211 8.3.5.2 Buried joints211 8.3.5.3 Asphaltic plug joints212 8.3.5.4 Compression seal joints 213 8.3.5.5 Reinforced elastomeric joints (Slab Seal Joints)214 8.3.5.6 Elastomeric with metal runners (Single or Modular Strip Seal Joints) 215 8.3.5.7 Cantilever comb or tooth joints (Finger Type)216 8.3.6 Design Basis216 8.3.7 Modified IRC Interim Specifications for Expansion Joints by Ministry of Surface Transport (Road Wing)218 8.3.8 Criteria for Adoption of Different Types of Expansion Joints 219 8.3.9 Discussions220 8.4 Lock-up Device - Shock Transmission Units 221 8.4.1 Description of STU 222 8.4.2 STUs for Strengthening of Existing Bridges 223 References226 9. Construction Methodologies and Erection Techniques 227 9.1 General 227 9.2 Span by Span - One-go Construction 227 9.2.1 Simply Supported Spans228 9.2.2 Continuous Spans228 9.2.3 Erection of T Girders Using Overhead Launching Truss229 9.3 Span-by-Span - Segmental Construction 230 9.3.1 Simply Supported Spans 230 9.3.2 Erection of Pre-cast Segments Using Under-slung Trusses233 9.4 Cantilever Construction 236 9.4.1 Cantilever Segmental Construction by Launching Girders237 9.5 Cantilever Travellers for Special Type of Bridges 237 9.6 Erection of Girders by Push Launching 240 9.7 Analysis 243 9.7.1 Analysis for Service Load Stage243 9.7.2 Analysis for Erection Stages 244 9.7.3 Precamber Analysis for Continuous Bridges244 9.7.3.1 Deflection at various phases of construction244 9.7.3.2 Creep factors 245 9.7.3.3 Evaluation of creep factors for phase I 246 9.7.3.4 Evaluation of creep factors for phase II 247 9.7.3.5 Calculation of creep factors for phase HI 247 9.7.4 Evaluation of Deflection 248 9.7.4.1 Deflection in phase I stage248 9.7.4.2 Computation of deflection249 9.7.4.3 Deflection in phase II stage251 9.7.4.4 Deflection in phase HI stage252 9.7.5 Precamber for the Bridge Deck 253