CONTENTS PREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii SYMBOLS, NOTATIONS, AND TERMINOLOGY xix SECTION 1 ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES 1 Chapter 1 Overview of Bridge Engineering 1 1.1REHABILITATION AS A MODERN INDUSTRY -1 1.2 A FRESH APPROACH TO MAINTENANCE - 4 1.3 THE NEED TO KEEP BRIDGES FUNCTIONAL - 7 1.4 MAINTENANCE OF A SUPERSTRUCTURE -12 1.5 MAINTENANCE/REPLACEMENT OF THE SUBSTRUCTURE -13 1.6 OVERVIEW OF MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES -16 1.7 A STRATEGIC PLAN TOWARD REPAIR AND REHABILITATION - 21 1.8 A LOOK AHEAD FOR PROGRESS IN MAINTENANCE - 23 1.9 THE MAINTENANCE AND PROTECTION OF TRAFFIC DURING CONSTRUCTION - 28 1.10 SUCCESS OF WELL-MAINTAINED STRUCTURES - 31 1.11 DEFICIENT STRUCTURES-33 1.12 PRESERVING AESTHETICS-34 1.13 MAINTAINING THE ENVIRONMENT - 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 37 Chapter 2 Diagnostic Design and Selective Reconstruction - 39 2.1 MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING - 39 2.2 THE REHABILITATION PROCESS - 44 2.3 PROGRESSIVE DESIGN PHASES FOR CONTINUITY - 52 2.4 THE ROLE OF REDUNDANCY AND FRACTURE CRITICAL MEMBERS - 60 2.5 THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN MAINTAINING INFRASTRUCTURE - 61 2.6 COMBINING OLD AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR REHABILITATION - 66 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 73 Chapter 3 Bridge Failure Studies and Safety Engineering 75 3.1HISTORY OF DISASTERS AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT - 75 3.2 THE ROLE OF FORENSIC ENGINEERING - 78 3.3MANY ASPECTS OF FAILURES - 81 3.4 A DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH - 81 3.5 A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF RECENT FAILURES-85 3.6 DESIGN DEFICIENCY AND PREVENTIVE ACTIONS - 92 3.7FATIGUE FAILURES AND SUGGESTED PREVENTIVE ACTIONS - 94 3.8 CONSTRUCTION DEFICIENCY AND SUGGESTED PREVENTIVE ACTIONS - 95 3.9 VESSEL COLLISION OR FLOATING ICE AND SUGGESTED PREVENTIVE ACTIONS - 99 3.10 TRAIN ACCIDENTS CAUSING BRIDGE DAMAGE AND PREVENTIVE ACTION -101 3.11 VEHICLE IMPACT AND PREVENTIVE ACTION -102 3.12 BLAST LOAD AND PREVENTIVE ACTION -103 3.13 FIRE DAMAGE TO SUPERSTRUCTURES AND PREVENTIVE ACTION -104 3.14 SUBSTRUCTURE DAMAGE DUE TO EARTHQUAKE AND PREVENTIVE ACTIONS -105 3.15 WIND AND HURRICANE ENGINEERING -109 3.16 LACK OF MAINTENANCE AND NEGLECT -110 3.17 UNFORESEEN CAUSES LEADING TO FAILURES -112 3.18 A POSTMORTEM OF FAILURES-114 3.19 THE STUDY OF MODES OF FAILURE -116 3.20 STEPS TO AVOID FAILURES -117 3.21 REITERATING NEEDED PREVENTIVE MEASURES-124 BIBLIOGRAPHY-128 SECTION 2 STRENGTHENING AND REPAIR WORK 133 Chapter 4 An Analytical Approach to Fracture and Failure 133 4.1THEORETICAL CONCEPTS USED IN DEVELOPING COMPUTER SOFTWARE -133 4.2 STRESS ANALYSIS-135 4.3 REVIEW OF ELASTIC ANALYSIS -137 4.4 ANALYSIS OF SLAB BEAM BRIDGES -138 4.5 METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE -140 4.6 EFFECT OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON BRIDGE BEHAVIOR -143 4.7 FULL COMPOSITE (ARCHING AND DOME) ACTION IN SLAB AND BEAMS -146 4.8 NUMERICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELS -151 4.9 ANALYSIS OF APPROACH SLAB RESTING ON GRADE -152 4.10 NONLINEAR AN1ALYSIS IN STEEL AND CONCRETE -159 4.11 SINGLE SPAN LIVE LOAD ANALYSIS -161 4.12 SELECTION OF STEEL GIRDERS-162 4.13 REVIEW OF COMMON FAILURE THEORIES -169 4.14 PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF STEEL SECTIONS -172 4.15 PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF STEEL NON-COMPOSITE SECTION -173 4.16 PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE SECTIONS -174 4.17 SHEAR DESIGN FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE AND PRESTRESSED BEAMS -180 BIBLIOGRAPHY-182 Chapter 5 Load and Resistance Factor Rating and Redesign 185 5.1 RATING AND REDESIGN METHODS -185 5.2 UTILIZING ULTIMATE LOAD BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS -190 5.3 LRFD SERVICE LOAD REQUIREMENTS -194 5.4 FATIGUE AND FRACTURE - 204 5.5 SELECTION OF TRUCK LIVE LOADS - 209 5.6 DETAILED AASHTO LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR RATING AND DESIGN - 216 5.7 CONSTRUCTION LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS - 223 5.8 LRFD LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR STRENGTH, SERVICEABILITY, AND EXTREME CONDITIONS - 226 5.9 LRFD T-BEAM BRIDGE DESIGN-228 5.10 SOFTWARE FOR SUPERSTRUCTURE - 232 5.11 SOFTWARE FOR SUBSTRUCTURE - 233 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 234 Chapter 6 Applications of Bridge Design and Rating Methods 237 6.1INTRODUCTION - 237 6.2 LIMIT STATES DESIGN EQUATION - 237 6.3LEGAL LOADS - 240 6.4SIMPLIFIED FORMULA- 246 6.5RATING PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE AND STEEL BRIDGES - 255 6.6RATING OF SECONDARY STRUCTURAL MEMBERS - 260 6.7EXAMPLE OF LOAD RESISTANCE FACTOR RATING (LRFR) - 261 6.8DESIGN OF A DECK SLAB - 266 6.9 RATING PROCEDURE FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE T-BEAM BRIDGE - 274 6.10 RATING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDER - 276 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 279 Chapter 7 Bridge Widening and Deck Replacement Strategy 281 7.1 SELECTING BRIDGE WIDENING OR REPLACEMENT - 281 7.2 SUPERSTRUCTURE WIDENING - 284 7.3 REHABILITATION/RETROFIT OR REPLACEMENT DECISIONS - 285 7.4 REPLACEMENT PUNNING OR A NEW BRIDGE AT A DIFFERENT LOCATION - 295 7.5 CONSTRUCTABILITY ISSUES - 303 7.6 SUPERSTRUCTURE REPLACEMENT PROCESS - 308 7.7 CASE STUDIES OF ALTERNATES FOR REPLACEMENT OR NEW BRIDGES - 317 7.8 PRACTICAL CASE STUDIES-318 7.9 SELECTED CASE STUDIES - 328 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 331 SECTION 3 REPAIR AND RETROFIT METHODS 133 Chapter 8 Inspection, Rating and Health Monitoring Techniques 335 8.1BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) - 335 8.2 BRIDGE INSPECTION LEADING TO DIAGNOSTIC DESIGN - 344 8.3 TYPES OF INSPECTIONS - 349 8.4 BRIDGE COMPONENTS FOR INSPECTION AND STRUCTURAL EVALUATION - 351 8.5 SUBSTRUCTURE COMPONENTS - 357 8.6 FHWA CONDITION AND SUFFICIENCY RATINGS - 359 8.7 DUTIES, QUALIFICATIONS, AND TRAINING OF INSPECTORS - 364 8.8 OVERLOAD PREVENTION - 366 8.9 SUPERSTRUCTURE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY - 367 8.10 CONDITION RATING FOR EXTREME EVENTS - 368 8.11 STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING (SHM) AS A RATING AND DIAGNOSTIC TOOL - 372 8.12 MONITORING USING NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION (NDE) AND MODERN NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING (NOT) METHODS - 380 8.13 ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE FOR BRIDGES OVER WATERWAYS - 383 8.14 CONCEPT STUDY REPORT, PLANS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS - 387 8.15 VALUATION OF UNKNOWN FOUNDATIONS - 390 8.16 DISASTER MANAGEMENT - 390 8.17 TRAINING AND REGISTRATION NEEDS - 391 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 391 Chapter 9 Conventional Repair Methods 397 9.1SCOPE OF CONCRETE AND STEEL REPAIRS AND RELATED WORK - 397 9.2 ASSOCIATED TASKS AND TEAMWORK - 406 9.3 SHORT-TERM REPAIRS IN LIEU OF REPLACEMENT - 412 9.4 PRIORITIZATION OF BRIDGE DECKS - 414 9.5 SCOPE OF REPAIRS-417 9.6 ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES OF REPAIRS - 419 9.7 REHABILITATION OF STEEL AND PREVENTION OF CORROSION - 426 9.8 GALVANIC TECHNOLOGY - 431 9.9 CORROSION IN THE POST-TENSIONING REGIONS OF BEAMS - 433 9.10 DEVELOPING NEW CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS - 433 9.11 DRAINAGE-434 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 434 Chapter 10 Concrete Repair Methods 439 10.1INTRODUCTION TO COMMON REPAIR PROCEDURES - 439 10.2 DETAILS OF REPAIRS - 440 10.3 SUPERSTRUCTURE REPAIRS - 452 10.4 DECK SLAB REPAIRS-453 10.5 PAY ITEMS AND QUANTITIES FOR DECK REPLACEMENT PROJECTS - 462 10.6 ACI RECOMMENDED METHODS OF REPAIR - 463 10.7 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES - 466 10.8 BRIDGES LOCATED ON RIVERS - 467 10.9 CONCRETE REPAIR/RESTORATION OTHER THAN FOR DECKS - 468 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 471 , Chapter 11Advanced Repair Methods 477 11.1INNOVATIONS MADE IN RECENT YEARS - 477 11.2DEVELOPMENT IN DESIGN CODES AND MARKET READY TECHNOLOGY - 483 11.3USE OF MODERN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS - 485 11.4USE OF RECYCLABLE MATERIALS - 486 11.5USE OF FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) - 488 11.6 ADVANCEMENTS IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY - 494 11.7 ADVANCEMENTS IN STEEL MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY - 500 11.8 ADVANCEMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY - 502 11.9ACCELERATED BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY - 505 11.10 PREFABRICATE TECHNOLOGY - 509 11.11 REHABILITATION OF STEEL BRIDGES-513 11.12 RESEARCH IN NEW TECHNIQUES FOR MONITORING, NEW MATERIALS, AND VIRTUAL DESIGN-517 BIBLIOGRAPHY-521 Chapter 12 Protection of Bridges against Extreme Events - 529 12.1 EXTREME EVENT DAMAGE FROM FLOOD SCOUR - 529 12.3 CONDITION OF EXISTING BRIDGES ON RIVERS - 532 12.4 PREVENTIVE ACTION AGAINST BANKS AND FOUNDATION SCOUR - 535 12.5 HEC-18 COUNTERMEASURES MATRIX (CM) - 549 12.6 DESIGN GUIDELINES-554 12.7 CONSTRUCTABILITY ISSUES - 557 12.8 SCOUR OF PILES, PILE GROUPS, AND CAISSONS - 560 12.9 SCOUR AT WlNGWALLS - 561 12.10 SCOUR AT CULVERTS -562 12.11 SCOUR MEASURING EQUIPMENT - 562 12.12 DEBRIS ACCUMULATION-562 12.13 EXTREME EVENT OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE - 563 12.14 SEISMIC ASSESSMENT-569 12.15 THE ROLE OF SEISMIC DESIGN CODES - 570 12.16 SEISMIC DESIGN - 576 12.17 COMMON RETROFIT CONCEPTS AND CODE APPLICATIONS - 578 12.18 STEEL AND CONCRETE BRIDGE DETAILING REQUIREMENTS - 582 12.19 RETROFIT AND STRENGTHENING - 586 12.20 DEVELOPMENTS IN PASSIVE DAMPING SYSTEMS - 595 12.21 FOUNDATION RETROFIT - 596 12.22 DISASTER MANAGEMENT - 599 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 601 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 - SCOUR COUNTERMEASURES - 611 APPENDIX 2 - ESTIMATE OF UNIT CONCRETE REPAIR COSTS (2009) - 615 APPENDIX 3 - QUICK REFERENCE TO AASHTO LRFD 2008 SPECIFICATIONS - 617 APPENDIX 4 - QUICK REFERENCE TO AASHTO LRFR MANUAL - 621 INDEX 623