CONTENTS Preface v List of Contributors xv Part I. The First Step: An Overview 1. Fundamental Asian Conditions: Geography, Climate, Thoughts, and Lifestyles 3 1.1 Asian Natural Factors Affecting City and Transport 3 1.2 Asian Philosophies and Life-Style 10 1.3 Asian Thoughts and City and Transport 18 References 28 2. Growing Economies and Cities in Asia: From Comparative and Historical Viewpoints 29 2.1Geographical Coverage of Asia 29 2.2 Asian Economic Growth in History 31 2.3 Recent Performance of Asian Economies 32 2.4 Factors for High Economic Growth in Asia 33 2.5 Formation of Port Cities in the Medieval Ages 37 2.6 Population Growth and Urbanization in the World and Asia 38 2.7 Economic Growth, Population Growth, and Urbanization 40 2.8 Megacities in Asia 46 2.9 Development Strategy and Megacities 49 2.10 Toward an Aging Society 51 References 57 Notes 57 3. Sustainability in Urban Transport: Multidimensional Meanings and States 59 3.1 Sustainability in an Asian Context 60 3.2 On Transport Safety 62 3.3 On Environmental and Energy Sustainability 65 3.4 In Security 69 3.5 On Social Sustainability 71 3.6 On Robustness in Facing Natural Disasters 72 3.7 On Finance 75 References 78 Part II. Best Practices from Asia with Wisdom: Keys to Success and Facing Limitations 4. Building Transport Systems for People 83 4.1 Non-motorized Transport and Pedestrians83 4.2 Urban Rail Systems - Tokyo and Her Sisters 86 4.3 Urban Expressway Systems - Shanghai and Tokyo100 4.4 Building Ring Roads in Advance - Beijing106 4.5 Rapid Transit System in Developing Asia - Metro Manila115 4.6 Coordinating Long-distance and Urban Transport - Hong Kong 119 4.7 Bus Systems and Its Management - Seoul, Bangkok, Nagoya and Jakarta127 References 141 Notes 142 5. Managing Transport Supply and Demand: From Passengers to Freight143 5.1 The Origin and Strongest TDM in the World144 5.2 Effects of Congestion Pricing at the Namsan Tunnels in Seoul 154 5.3 Bus System Restructuring - Seoul 161 5.4 Inducing Motorcycles to Public Transit - Taipei 169 5.5 Challenging Sustainable Urban Logistics 177 References 186 6. For Better Urban Form: From Macroscopic Control to Microscopic Development 189 6.1 The Designation and Adjustment of Restricted Development Zone in Korea190 6.2 Typical Examples of Transit-Oriented City Development in Asia 197 6.3 Realizing Vital, Comfortable, and Walkable Centers 205 6.4 Rebuilding City with Tram: Hiroshima and Dalian 224 6.5 Traffic Impact Assessment 229 References 234 7. Managing Transport with People 237 7.1Road Safety Audit Involving the Public: Thailand 238 7.2 Cooperative Road Management with Users: Japan 251 7.3 Community-Based Development and Transport - Metro Manila 262 7.4 IT-Based Public Participation and Traffic Survey: Japan 268 References 273 Part III. Future of Urban Transport in Asia: Rising Asia Proposes to the World 8. Development and Management of Transport Systems 277 8.1 Urban Public Transit Systems Required in Asian Cities 277 8.2 Sustainable Developing Road Transport System Case Study of Hanoi 289 8.3 Future Direction of Paratransit 296 8.4 Better Urban Space Allocation for Pedestrians and Non-Motorized Modes: Traffic Impacts of a Serious Loss of Road Capacity Followed by Cheonggyecheon Restoration in Seoul 301 8.5 Comprehensive Approaches for Traffic Safety 308 8.6 Convenient and Sustainable City Logistics 318 8.7 Role of ITS for Sustainability 328 References 333 9. Travel Demand Management in Asian Context 337 9.1 Asia-Fitted TDM 338 9.2 Effective and Feasible Measures of TDM for Cities in Asia 343 9.3 Soft-Landing Motorization Management - Specially Considering the Motorcycle 352 References 359 10. Growth Management and Site-Development Strategies361 10.1 Sustainability Assessment of Compact Cities 361 10.2 Site-Development Policies - TOD in Special 367 References 376 Notes 377 11 Financial and Institutional Measures for Sustainable Urban Transport 379 11.1 Financing Measures for Urban Transport for Asia 379 11.2 Urban Administration 385 11.3 Management System Collaborative with Users 388 11.4 Planning Processes for a Sustainable Society395 11.5 Urban Transportation Policy and Poverty Reduction in Asia 408 References 413 Notes 413 Index 417