CONTENTS : CHAPTER 1. TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYING 1.1. General .. 1 1.2.Instruments .. 1 1.3.Different Systems of Tacheometric Measurement .. 3 1.4.Principle of Stadia Method .. 4 1.5. Distance and Elevation Formulae for Staff Vertical : Inclined Sight .. 8 1.6.Distance and Elevation Formulae for Staff Normal .. 11 1.7.The Anallactic Lens .. 12 1.8.Principle of Subtense Method : Vertical Base Observations .. 30 1.9.Horizontal Base Subtense Measurements .. 34 1.10. Holding the Staff .. 39 1.11. Methods of Reading the Staff.. 41 1.12. Stadia Field Work .. 42 1.13. The Tangential Method .. 47 1.14. Reduction of Stadia Notes.. 53 1.15. Special Instruments .. 57 1.16. The Auto-reduction Tacheometer (Hammer-Fennel) .. 61 1.17. Wild's RDS Reduction Tacheometer.. 63 1.18. The Ewing Stadi-Altimeter (Watts) .. 67 1.19. Electronic Tacheometers .. 68 1.20. Errors in Stadia Surveying.. 71 1.21. Effect of Errors in Stadia Tacheometry, due to Manipulation and Sighting* .. 73 PROBLEMS .. 81 CHAPTER 2. CURVE SURVEYING 2.1. General .. 85 2.2. Definitions and Notations .. 86 2.3. Designation of Curve .. 87 2.4.Elements of Simple Curve.. 89 2.5.Setting out Simple Curves.. 91 2.6. By Ordinates from the Long Chord.. 93 2.7.By Successive Bisection of Arcs or Chords .. 95 2.8.By Offsets from the Tangents 95 2.9. By Deflection Distances .. 98 2.10. Rankine's Method of Tangential AngleS .. 101 2.11. Two Theodolite Method .. 108 2.12. Tacheometric Method .. 109 2.13. Obstacles to the Location of Curves .. 114 2.14. Special Problems in Simple Curves .. 122 2.15. Elements of a Compound Curve .. 144 2.16. Relationship Between the Parts of a Compound Curve .. 145 2.17. Setting out Compound Curve .. 149 2.18. Elements of a Reverse Curve .. 157 2.19. General Requirements .. 166 2.20. Length of Transition Curve .. 171 2.21. The Ideal Transition Curve : The Clothoid .. 174 2.22. Characteristics of a Transition Curve .. 183 2.23. Computations and Setting out .. 191 2.24. Spiralling Compound Curves .. 197 2.25. Spiralling Reverse Curves ..199 2.26. Bernoulli's Lemniscate Curve .. 200 2.27. General .. 218 2.28. Length of Vertical Curve .. 222 2.29. Computations and Setting out a Vertical Curve .. 223 2.30. Sight Distance .. 236 2.31. Sight Distance at Underpass Structures .. 239 PROBLEMS .. 242 CHAPTER 3. TRIGONOMETRICAL LEVELLING 3.1. Introduction .. 247 3.2. Base of the Object Accessible .. 248 3.3. Base of the Object Inaccessible : Instrument Stations in the Same Vertical Plane with the Elevated Object .. 251 3.4.Base of the Object Inaccessible : Instrument Stations not in the Same Vertical Plane as the Elevated Object .. 256 3.5. Terrestrial Refraction .. 262 3.6. Axis Signal Correction .. 266 3.7. Determination of Difference in Elevation .. 269 PROBLEMS .. 286 CHAPTER 4. HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING 4.1. Introduction .. 289 4.2. Shore Line Survey .. 290 4.3. Soundings .. 291 4.4. Methods of Locating Soundings 296 4.5.Reduction of Soundings 306 4.6. Plotting of Soundings 307 4.7.The Tides .. 316 4.8. Prediction of Tides .. 322 4.9. Tide Gauges .. 328 4.10. Mean Sea Level as Datum .. 330 PROBLEMS .. 330 CHAPTER 5. MINE SURVEYING 5.1. General .. 333 5.2. Equipment for Mine Surveys : The Transit .. 333 5.3.The Stations and Station Markers .. 338 5.4. Measurement of Distance and Difference in Elevation .. 339 5.5 Tunnel Alignment and Setting Out .. 341 5.6. Suspension Mining Compass .. 346 5.7. Brunton Universal Pocket Transit .. 346 CHAPTER 6. TRIANGULATION 6.1. Geodetic Surveying .. 351 6.2. Classification of Triangulation System .. 352 6.3. Triangulation Figures or Systems .. 354 6.4.The Strength of Figure .. 356 6.5. Reconnaissance .. 364 6.6. Signals and Towers .. 374 6.7. Base Line Measurement .. 380 6.8. Calculations of length of Base : tape Corrections .. 388 6.9. Measurement of Horizontal Angles .. 402 6.10. Satellite Station : Reduction to Centre .. 411 6.11. Extension of Base : Base Net .. 419 PROBLEMS .. 419 CHAPTER 7. SURVEY ADJUSTMENTS AND THEORY OF ERRORS 7.1. Introduction : Kinds of Errors .. 421 7.2. Definitions .. 426 7.3.The Laws of Accidental Errors .. 428 7.4. General Principles of Least Squares .. 431 7.5. Laws of Weights .. 433 7.6.Determination of Probable Error .. 435 7.7. Distribution of Error of the Field Measurements .. 441 7.8. Normal Equations .. 444 7.9. Determination of the Most Probable Values .. 448 7.10. Method of Correlates .. 460 7.11. Triangulation Adjustments .. 470 7.12. Figure Adjustment .. 475 7.13. Adjustment of a Geodetic Triangle .. 475 7.14. Adjustment of Chain of Triangles .. 485 7.15. Adjustment of Two Connected Triangles .. 486 7.16. Adjustment of a Geodetic Quadrilateral .. 490 7.17. Adjustment of a Quadrilateral with a Central Station By Method of Least Squares .. 502 7.18. Adjustments of Geodetic Triangles with Central Station By Method of Least Squares .. 506 7.19. Method of Equal Shifts .. 514 PROBLEMS .. 518 CHAPTER 8. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING 8.1.Introduction .. 519 8.2. Methods of Representing Relief .. 519 8.3. Contours and Contour Interval .. 520 8.4. Characteristics of Contours .. 522 8.5. Procedure in Topographic Surveying .. 523 8.6.Methods of Locating Contours .. 524 8.7. Interpolation of Contours .. 529 CHAPTER 9. ROUTE SURVEYING 9.1. Introduction .. 533 9.2.Reconnaissance Survey .. 533 9.3. Preliminary Survey .. 536 9.4.Location Survey .. 539 9.5. Construction Survey .. 539 CHAPTER 10. SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS 10.1. Introduction .. 541 10.2. Jig Telescope and Jig Transit .. 541 10.3. Collimators .. 547 10.4. Cross-table .. 550 10.5. Instrument for Checking Movement of Dams .. 551 10.6. Telemeter .. 552 10.7. Altimeter .. 554 CHAPTER 11. ELECTRONIC THEODOLITES AND TACHEOMETERS 11.1Introduction .. 557 11.2. Wild T-1000 'Theomat' .. 558 11.3. Wild T-2000 'Theomat .. 560 11.4. Wild T 2000 S 'Theomat' .. 564 11.5. Wild TC 2000 Tachymat .. 565 APPENDIX 1 : S.I. Units .. 569 APPENDIX 2 : Questions from A.M.I.E. Section B .. 577 APPENDIX 3 : Stadia Tables .. 595