Contents Foreword vii Acknowledgement xi 1.Introduction 1 2.The Benefits of Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion 5 3.How Bad Is Traffic Congestion? 14 4.Causes of Recent Increases in Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion 37 5.Incidents and Accidents as Causes of Congestion 61 6.Strategies for Reducing Congestion and Four Basic Principles of Traffic 76 7.Reducing Incident-Caused Congestion 91 8.Increasing Road-Carrying Capacity 101 9.Creating More Public Transit Capacity 117 10.Peak-Hour and Other Road Pricing 152 11.Demand-Side Behavioral Tactics 180 12.Remedies That Increase Densities 200 13.Changing the Jobs-Housing Balance 228 14.Concentrating Jobs in Large Clusters 245 15.Local Growth Management Policies 258 16.Traffic Congestion around the World 272 17.Regional Anticongestion Policies 298 18.Summary and Conclusions 321 Appendixes A. The Dynamics of Traffic Congestion 355 B. Graphic Analysis of Peak-Hour Road Pricing 368 C. Translating Gross Residential Densities into Net Residential Densities 371 D. A Spatial Model for Simulating Changes 375 E. Clustering High-Density Housing Near Transit Stops 390 Notes 403 Index 443