List of Figures viii List of Tables ix List of Abbreviations x Archival References xi Series Editors' Preface xii Preface xiii 1 Imperial Delhi 1 Security, Territory, Population 2 Governmental rationalities 2 Limits of govemmentality 14 Colonial Govemmentality 20 The spatial differences of colonial govemmentality 20 The temporal differences of colonial govemmentality 25 New Delhi: Showcase of Sovereignty 28 A case for urban regicide? Beyond the capital 30 The'tombstone of the Raj? 33 2 Residential and Racial Segregation: A Spatial Archaeology 37 Archaeology 38 Colonial Spaces of Dispersion 41 The Spatial Administration of Precedence 43 Visualisation: Objects of imperial discourse 43 Identity: Grids of specification 48 The conceptual landscape 54 The Spatial Dissolution of Order 59 Problematisation: Spaces and subjects of dissension 59 Identities: Enunciative modalities 66 Re-visioning the conceptual landscape 75 Disciplining Delhi 82 New Delhi: Policing the Heart of Empire 83 Policing: From government to discipline 83 Policing the capital 85 The Keep: Protecting the core 90 Picket and patrol: Protecting the glacis 94 Anti-colonial Nationalism and Urban Order 96 Sovereignty, law and discipline 97 Identity: Civil Lines 99 Visibility: Disciplined space 101 Techne of discipline: Towards a 'moral effect' 103 Problematisations 111 'Religious Nationalism' and Urban Diagrams 119 Diagrams, communalism and policing festivals 119 Sketches of urban order: 1886-1923 122 From urban violence to the CRS: 1924-34 125 Diagrams through festivals: 1936-46 135 Biopolitics and the Urban Environment 149 Population Expansion and Urban Disorder 149 Domains of government 149 Planning without vision 151 The disease of darkness: Tuberculosis and failing urban technologies 156 The 'Delhi Death Trap': Problematising urban governance 159 Congestion Relief, Calculation and the 'Intensity Map' 164 Visualisation, the intensity map and the imperial ethos 164 The improvement techne 174 Ongoing problematisations 181 The Western Extension, Protest and Failed Relief 183 Administrative deadlock and the call for expansion: 1912-36 183 Improving the Western Extension: 1937-47 187 Slum Clearance and the Strictures of Imperial Finance 190 The Delhi-Ajmeri Gate Slum Clearance Scheme 190 'A tale of two cities': Delhi's aesthetic and political landscape 193 Imperial finances and local resistance 200 Re-housing and welfare biopolitics 204 Conclusions: Within and Beyond the City 210 Interlinked Landscapes of Ordering 211 Practised connections 211 A nalytical connections 212 Beyond Colonial Delhi 216 Space 216 Time 218 Notes 221 Bibliography 233 Index 247