CONTENTS Preface xi 1. Social Psychology: An Identity 1 Introduction 1 The Self as Personality 1 Self-Concept as Personal Identity 2 Self as a Unique Psychological Property of the Perceiver 3 Social Self as the Looking-glass Self 3 Self-Concept as a Bounded Cognitive Structure 4 Summary 6 Self in Intergroup Relations 7 Social Identity and Self-categorization Theories 7 Self-categorization Theory 11 Self-categorization Perspective on the Self 15 Social Identities are Shared 17 Social Identity is a Collective Self, not a Looking- glass Self 20 Process of Reflexive Social Judgment 23 Summary 30 Individuality, Stability and Consistency in Self- conception 31 Conclusion 33 2. Seeds of Aggression 35 Aggression 35 Original Study 35 Sampling 36 Social Psychology Variable Analysis 38 Reliability and Validity 39 Correlation 43 Six Years Later 48 Prediction 51 3. Prevention of Aggression 53 Introduction 53 Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis 53 Effects of Film Violence 54 Catharsis of Aggression 55 Laboratory Experimentation 60 Statistical Significance 62 Obedient Aggression 64 4. Functions of Social Identification 70 Introduction 70 Forms of Social Identification 72 Motivation: The Why of Social Identification 76 Assessing the Functions of Social Identities 79 Developing a Measure of Identity Functions 79 Assessing the Motives of Known Groups 83 Motivation, Identity and Behavior 87 Future of A Functional Analysis 90 Functions of Social Identity 91 5. Influence and Identity 94 Introduction 94 Effects of Suproxin 94 Physical Reality and Social Reality 97 Social Influence and the Self 101 The Looking-glass Self 101 Role Taking 102 Role, Self and Face 104 6. Informal Leadership 108 Introduction 108 Nature of Leadership 110 Contents Gangs in Cornerville 111 Tribulations of an Investigator 111 Participant Observation 114 Pair Events and Set Events 116 Whyte's Conclusions 118 Dependence and Influence 120 Who Leads the Ladies? 121 The Part Played by People 122 7. Social Uncertainty and the Problem of Trust 124 Introduction 124 Conceptualizing Paranoid Social Cognition 127 Social Uncertainty and Paranoid Social Cognition 128 Perceived Evaluative Scrutiny 133 Some Data Suggesting the Liability of Merely being Different in Social Groups 135 Recall Data 138 Rater Impressions 139 Some Consequences of Paranoid Cognition in Social Groups 140 Paranoid Cognitions as Sources of Social Misperception 141 Behavioral Consequences of Paranoid Cognition 143 Discussion 143 Conclusion 146 8. Impressions of Persons 148 Introduction 148 Implicit Personality Theory 151 Projective Perception 152 Authoritarian Personality 152 Experimental Ethics 160 Stereotypes 163 Dynamics of Imputation 164 9. Language in Social Psychology 167 Introduction 167 Learning to Talk 170 Mowrer's Autistic Theory of Early Speech 175 Can Animals Talk? 176 Social Psychology Language as an Institution King Frederick's Experiment Glottochronology Language and Thought Language and the Self 10. Roles in Social Psychology Introduction Hypnotic Effects Siblings and Sex Roles Case of Frankie Emergent Group Roles Interaction Process Analysis Are Families Little States? Five Propositions Roles and Staging 11. Decisions and Dissonance Introduction Attitude Change as Dissonance Reduction Consonance and Dissonance Dissonance v. Reinforcement Commitment at Yale 12. Interpersonal Attraction Introduction Dating at Elmtown Nature of Social Class Compromise Process Acquaintance at Ann Arbor Congruency and Attraction Limits of Consistency and of Inconsistency 13. Current Resolution Introduction Causal Line Meaning of Empirical Statements of Laws R.B. Braithwaite Conclusions Contents 14. Psychoanalysis and Social Activity 247 Introduction 247 Freud 247 Pervasiveness of Freud's Group Psychology 252 Conclusions 254 Karen Horney 254 Lorenz and Instinct 257 Over Evolutionary Time 259 15. Holistic Theories 263 Introduction 263 Basic Gestalt Assumptions 264 Lewin 271 Krech and Crutchfield 276 Asch 278 Newcomb 279 16. Methodology in Social Psychology 283 Introduction 283 The Functionalists 285 The Holists 290 Probability Methodology 291 Use of Statistics in Social Psychological Research 292 Repeated Measures 297 Mathematical Models 297 17. Theory of Cognitive Dissonance 300 Introduction 300 Methodology and Prospectus 308 18. Justice, Social Identity and Group Processes 310 Introduction 310 Understanding the Relationship between Individuals and Authorities 311 Implications 316 Influence of Group Boundaries 317 Identification Effects 322 Identification Enhances the Importance of Fair Treatment 323 Identification with Some Groups Diminishes Concerns about Fair Treatment 326 Social Psychology Direct Evidence of Mediation by Identity-relevant Judgments 329 General-Level Connections 331 Effects of Treatment by Group Authorities 334 Summary of Research Findings 336 Theoretical Implications 337 Issue of Outgroup Derogation . 340 Theoretical Explanation 343 Focus 343 Motivation 344 Consequences 345 Balancing Concern over Pride and Respect: Esteem Optimization 345 Comparative and Non-comparative Judgements 348 Esteem Optimization and Comparative Versus Non-comparative Judgments 351 Summary 353 Conclusions 353 19. Moderating Effects of Social Comparison and Contingencies 355 Introduction 355 Social Stigma and Self-esteem 356 Awareness of Disadvantage 358 Blame for Disadvantage 360 Attributions for Disadvantage 362 Stigma of Overweight: Attributions and Legitimacy 364 Ideology and the Legitimacy of Disadvantage and Discrimination 365 Contingencies of Self-esteem 368 Racial and Ethnic Groups 370 Developmental Factors 371 Summary and Conclusion 371 Bibliography 374 Index '378