Contents Prefaces vi From the preface to the first edition: the study of social policy vi The second edition viii About the author xi one Introduction: the nature of social policy I The nature of social policy I Social policy and the academic disciplines 8 Studying social policy 12 Part One. Social policy and society twoWelfare in society 17 The social context of welfare 17 The person in society 18 Social networks 20 Inclusion and exclusion 25 Social structure and social divisions 28 Society and social policy 35 three Problems and responses 37 Social problems 37 The extent of a problem: incidence, prevalence, distribution and intensity 39 Responding to social problems 42 The focus of policy 43 fourNeeds 51 Well-being 51 Needs 53 Need groups 54 Needs and responses 65 Part Two. Policy five Public policy 69 The nature of policy 69 Formal processes: law and the state 70 Governance 72 Public policy 76 Comparing policies 79 six Principles and values 83 Principles and values 84 Key values in social policy 86 The functions of social policy 89 Ideology and social welfare 91 seven Strategies for welfare 101 Welfare strategies 101 The social services 112 The welfare state 115 Models of welfare 117 eight Welfare states 121 Welfare states 121 Influences on development 122 Welfare regimes 124 Patterns in the development of welfare states 125 Explanations for development 127 Beyond the welfare state: globalisation and social policy 131 Part Three. Social administration: the organisation and delivery of welfare nine The provision of welfare 135 The social division of welfare 135 Welfare pluralism 142 Welfare pluralism in practice: the planning of social care 144 ten The structure of public services 147 Public service systems 147 Welfare bureaucracies . 152 Coordination 154 Quasi-markets 156 The role of people working in social service structures 159 eleven Service delivery 165 The production of welfare 165 Priorities 165 Resources 167 Rationing 169 Equity and procedural fairness 174 Managing the demand for services 177 Delivering services 179 twelveReceiving welfare 183 The receiving end 183 Claims: demand, needs and rights 184 Claiming 185 Choice 189 Social control 191 Empowerment 192 Rights 195 Developing user control 198 Part Four. The methods and approaches of social policy thirteen The methods and approaches of social policy 203 Theory and practice 203 Theoretical method 204 Evidence and policy 207 What works? 208 Cost-effectiveness and efficiency 212 The distributive impact of social policy 214 Evaluation and policy 215 fourteen Research for policy 217 The research process 217 Ethical issues in research 230 Research for policy 231 fifteen Analysing policy 235 Aims 238 Goals 239 Methods 241 Implementation 242 Outcomes 244 Policy analysis for practice 245 Notes 247 Appendices 275 Social policy: a guide to sources 275 Writing about social policy: a note for students 280 Glossary 287 Index 303