CONTENTS List of Tables .xi List of Figures xiii List of Boxes . xiv Preface to the Third Editionxv Preface to the Second Editionxvii Preface to the First Edition xix 1. Introduction 1 Concepts and Connotations of Rural Development2 Basic Elements of Rural Development 3 Growth versus Development4 Why Rural Development 5 Rising Expectations and Development and Change6 Human Beings as the Cause and Consequence of Development 7 Some Dilemmas in Development 8 Main Points11 Questions for Discussion 13 2. Rural Economy of India 14 Introduction 14 Size and Structure of the Rural Economy 15 The Characteristics of the Rural Sector21 The Role of the Agricultural Subsector25 The Role of the Non-agricultural Subsector 29 Challenges and Opportunities 32 Main Points 34 Questions for Discussion 36 3. Measures of Development 37 Introduction 37 Measures of Level of Rural Development38 Measures of Income Distribution 46 Measures of Development Simplified 49 Concepts and Measures of Rural Poverty 50 Main Points 56 Questions for Discussion 57 4.Some Paradigms of Rural Development 59 Introduction 60 The Modernisation Theory 61 The Dependency Theory of the Marxist School 62 Rosenstein-Rodart's Theory of the 'Big Push ' 64 Leibenstein's 'Critical Minimum Effort Thesis' 64 Lewis' Model of Economic Development 65 Gunnar Myrdal's Thesis of 'Spread and Backwash' Effects67 The Human Capital Model of Development68 The Gandhian Model of Rural Development 69 Development Theories from Other Social Sciences73 Main Points 74 Questions for Discussion76 Determinants of Rural Development78 Introduction79 Changes in Output80 Natural Resources82 Human Resources 86 Capital 87 Technology '90 Organisational and Institutional Framework92 Relation between Rural Development and Its Determinants 95 Main Points95 Questions for Discussion98 Rural Development Policies99 Introduction99 Freedom, Control and Public Policy100 Need for a Rural Development Policy 101 Goals of Rural Development Policy103 Hierarchy of Policy Goals104 Rural Development Policies in India 106 Globalisation and Rural Development o ,125 Main Points128 Questions for Discussion '130 7.Strategies for Sustainable Development 131 Introduction ' 131 The Concepts of Sustainability and Sustainable Development 132 Some Indicators of Non-sustainable Development 135 A Critical Review of India's Strategies of Rural Development 141 Some Elements of a New Strategy for Sustainable Development 144 Main Points152 Questions for Discussion 153 8. Policy Instruments of Rural Development 155 Introduction155 A Conceptual Framework156 An Action System159 Policy Instruments 159 Main Points175 Questions for Discussion177 9. Equity-oriented and Growth-oriented Programmes178 Introduction 178 Equity-oriented Programmes 179 Growth-oriented Programmes184 Main Points195 Questions for Discussion197 10. Poverty and Unemployment Eradication Programmes198 Introduction198 Current Poverty Scenario and Trends 199 Rural Employment Scenario204 Poverty and Unemployment Alleviation Programmes 207 Social Welfare-oriented Programmes (SWOP)216 Main Points ' 218 Questions for Discussion220 11. Natural Resources and Infrastructure Development Programmes221 Introduction 222 Natural Resources-based Programmes222 National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NATS)230 Pilot Weather-based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS) 231 Infrastructure Development Programmes231 Main Points240 Questions for Discussion241 12. Planning for Rural Development243 Introduction 243 Levels and Functions of Planning244 Decentralisation of Planning246 Methodology of Micro-level Planning 247 Methodology for Block- and District-level Planning250 Main Points257 Questions for Discussion259 13. Organising for Rural Development 260 Introduction260 A Detour to Organisational Models262 The Search for a New Paradigm 265 Criteria for Designing an Appropriate Organisation 267 Government Organisations268 Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) 270 Cooperatives 273 Voluntary Agencies /Non-governmental Organisations ' 275 Corporations and Rural Development 278 Main Points 281 Questions for Discussion282 14.Financing Rural Development283 Introduction * 283 Domestic Institutional Sources 285 The Role of Non-institutional Agencies 296 Deficit Financing or Controlled Inflation 296 Foreign Sources of Funds 298 Main Points . 304 Questions for Discussion307 15.Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation .309 Introduction . 309 Project Implementation 311 Project Control 315 Integration and Coordination315 People's Participation in Implementation 316 Project Monitoring . 317 Project Evaluation . 319 Main Points 326 Questions for Discussion 327 References and Select Bibliography 329 Index338 About the Author 347