CONTENTS List of illustrations xii List of contributors xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxiii PART I Planning 1 1 Roads and development 3 PETER BROCH. BRITHA MIKKELSEN AND RICHARD ROBINSON 1.1 The meaning of development 3 1.2 Evolution of development theory 6 1.3 Poverty 10 1.4 Evolution of road development 13 1.5 Impact of roads on economic development 14 1.6 Transport and poverty 15 1.7 Impact of roads on the transition to a market economy 20 References 21 2 Policy 23 RICHARD ROBINSON 2. 1The nature of policy 23 2.2 Government policy 24 2.3 Organizational policy 26 2.4 Integrated policy 28 2.5 Dissemination 31 2.6 Performance indicators 31 2.7 Policv formulation 33 2.8 Policv issues 36 References 37 3 Traffic 38 KENT FALCK-JENSEN, JAN KILDEBOGAARD AND RICHARD ROBINSON 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Traffic composition 38 3.3 Traffic flows and growth 42 3.4 Capacity and speed-flow 43 3.5 Increasing capacitv 50 3.6 Traffic information and data 51 References 56 4 Traffic safety 57 GOFF JACOBS AND CHRIS BAGULEY 4.1 Background 57 4.2 Nature of the problem 57 4.3 Road accident costs 59 4.4 Contributory factors 62 4.5 Institutions and information systems 64 4.6 Improving road safety 65 4.7 Priorities for action 75 References 76 5 Roads and the environment 78 WILLIAM V. KENNEDY 5.1 Introduction 78 5.2 Environmental impacts and their mitigation 78 5.3 Environmental impact assessment 86 5.4 Concluding remarks 90 References 91 6 lanning methods 92 KNUD RASK OVERGAARD 6.1 The nature of planning 92 6.2 Strategic planning 93 6.3 Physical network planning 95 6.4 Transport demand forecasting 98 6.5 Plan development and implementation 106 6.6 Planning for rural transport infrastructure 110 References 112 7 Economic appraisal 114 RICHARD ROBINSON 7.1 Purpose 114 7.2 Preliminary consideration 114 7.3 Cost estimation 117 7.4 Assessment of benefits for major roads 119 7.5 Cost-benefit analysis for major roads 122 7.6 Minor road appraisal 127 References 132 PART II Design 135 8 Soil investigation 137 BENTTHAGESEN 8.1 Introduction 137 8.2 Evaluation of existing information 138 8.3 Field investigation 144 8.4 Laboratory testing 147 8.5 Soil classification 157 References 161 9 Tropical soils and rocks 162 BENT THAGESEN 9.1 Introduction 162 9.2 Rocks 163 9.3 Soils 165 References 177 10 Hydrology and drainage 178 TUE KAED, JAN HASSING, MICHAEL H0GEDAE AND ALAN JACOBSEN 92 I O.I Introduction 178 10.2 Rainfall 179 10.3 Flood discharge estimation 183 10.4 Hydraulic design 188 10.5 Longitudinal drainage components 190 10.6 Cross drainage components 193 10.7 Culvert design 196 10.8 Erosion and scour protection 199 References 204 11Geometric design controls 205 K.KNT FALCK-JENSEN 11.1 Basic considerations 205 11.2 Approach to selecting design standards 207 11.3 Classification of roads 208 11.4 Sight distance 211 11.5 Traffic 215 11.6 Cross-section 215 References 223 12 Geometric alignment design 224 KENT FAECK-JKNSEN 12.1 Geometric design elements 224 12.2 Horizontal alignment 225 12.3 Vertical alignment 229 12.4 Phasing 234 12.5 Alignment selection 235 12.6 Intersections 239 12.7 Low-cost roads 241 12.8 Computer-aided design 242 References 243 13 Earthworks, unbound and stabilized pavements 244 BENTTHAGESEN 13.1 Earthworks 244 13.2 Pavement structure 251 13.3 Unbound pavement layers 253 13.4 Design of gravel pavements 256 13.5 Stabilized pavement layers 257 References 263 14 Asphalt pavement materials 264 RICHARD K.OOLE AND BENTTHAGESEN 14.1 Asphalt pavements 264 14.2 Bituminous binders 264 14.3 Surface dressing 268 14.4 Premixed asphalt 273 References 283 15 Structural design of asphalt pavements 284 JOHN ROLT 15.1 Introduction 284 15.2 Basic empirical methods 285 15.3 Overseas Road Note 31 286 15.4 The AASHTO method 289 15.5 Theoretical-mechanistic design 295 15.6 Overlay design 302 References 304 PART III Construction 307 16 Contracts and works procurement 309 TORBEN MIKKF.LSEN AND TIM WAAGE 16.1 Project execution methods 309 16.2 Types of contract 313 16.3 The FIDIC contract 316 References 323 17 Contract supervision 325 TORBEN MIKKEESEN, BENT THAGESEN AND TIM WAAGE 17.1 Introduction 325 244 77.2 Supervision organization 325 17.3 Quality control 329 17.4 Measurement of work 332 17.5 Payment to the contractor 333 17.6 Progress control 336 17.7 Extension of time 337 17.8 Cost claims 338 17.9 Default of contractor 341 17.10 Supervision procedures 342 References 344 18 Appropriate technology 345 JAN DE VEEN. RICHARD ROBINSON AND BENT THAGESEN 18.1 Technology options 345 18.2 Choice of technology 345 18.3 Intermediate methods 352 18.4 Equipment management 364 References 367 PART IV Maintenance 369 19 Maintenance management 371 RICHARD ROBINSON 19.1 The mad network as an asset 371 19.2 Road network management 371 19.3 Network information 374 19.4 Assessing needs 376 19.5 Determining options 381 19.6 Choosing actions 383 19.7 Implementation 386 19.8 Monitoring and audit 389 19.9 Information systems 390 References 392 20 Maintenance operations 393 BENTTHAGESEN 20.1 Introduction 393 20.2 Classification of maintenance activities 393 20.3 Safety 394 20.4 Asphalt pavements 395 20.5 Unpaved roads 402 20.6 Roadside areas 407 20.7 Drainage systems 409 20.8 Traffic control devices 414 20.9 Implementation 414 References 415 21 The HDM-4 road investment model 416 HENRY KERAE 21.1 Introduction 416 21.2 Types of analysis 417 21.3 Structure of HDM-4 420 21.4 Components of HDM-4 423 21.5 Examples of applications 431 References 437 PART V Institutional issues 439 22 Institutional development 441 RICHARD ROBINSON 22.7 Introduction 441 22.2 Finance 443 22.3 Management 450 22.4 Ownership and responsibility 457 22.5 Expected outcomes 458 References 458 23 Training of staff 460 RICHARD ROBINSON AND BENT THAGESEN 23.1 Purpose of training 460 23.2 Institutional issues 462 23.3 Training types 463 23.4 Training needs analysis 466 23.5 Planning 468 23.6 Detailed preparation 475 23.7 Implementation 479 References 482 24 Development aid 483 JENS ER1K BENDIX RASMUSSEN AND TONNY BAEK 24.1 Introduction 483 24.2 Resource transfers 483 24.3 International aid agencies 487 24.4 Bilateral donors 489 24.5 Assistance to the transport and road sector 490 416 24.6 Recent trends in aid management 491 24.7 Project cycle and framework 494 References 500 Index 502