CONTETNS 1 Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle 1 2 Aquifers 13 Physical Properties 23 Total Porosity 23 Effective Porosity 27 Intrinsic Permeability 28 Hydraulic Conductivity 30 Transmissivity 32 Specific Yield 33 Specific Retention 36 Storage Coefficient 37 Springs 38 hapter 3 Monitoring Wells 45 Drilling Methods 49 Hollow-Stem Auger 49 Solid-Stem Auger 51 Bucket Auger 52 Cable Tool 53 Air Rotary 53 Water and Mud Rotary 56 Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation 56 Driven Wells 57 Jet Percussion 58 Well Construction 59 Water-Depth Measurements 62 Monitoring Programs 66 4 Groundwater Flow 75 Hydraulic Gradient 75 Groundwater Velocity 78 Dary's Law 79 Flow Nets 83 Flow Net Boundaries 87 5 Well Hydraulics and Aquifer Tests 99 Steady Flow to Wells 101 Transient Flow to Wells 105 Pumping Tests 109 Slug Tests 115 6 Groundwater Quality and Solute Transport 123 Solutes 123 Sources of Contamination 125 Water Quality Standards 131 Groundwater Sampling 132 Electrical Conductance and TDS 136 Solute Transport 140 7 Managing Groundwater Pollution 153 Capture Zones 170 8 CareesiIn Hyrogeolocr 177 Symbols 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 199