CONTENTS Part I General Concepts 1 Background Introduction 1 Historical Notes 2 Building Energy Use 5 Conceptualizing an HVAC System 7 Sustainability and Green Buildings 7 Problems 8 Bibliography 8 2 Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics Fundamental Concepts and Principles 9 Properties of a Substance 11 Forms of Energy 34 First Law of Thermodynamics 38 Second Law of Thermodynamics 40 Third Law of Thermodynamics 42 Basic Equations of Thermodynamics 42 Thermodynamics Applied to Refrigeration 42 Applying Thermodynamics to Heat Pumps 47 Absorption Refrigeration Cycle 47 Problems 48 Bibliography 53 SI Tables and Figures 53 3 Basic HVAC System Calculations Applying Thermodynamics to HVAC Processes 65 Single-Path Systems 70 Air-Volume Equations for Single-Path Systems 70 Psychrometric Representation of Single-Path Systems 72 Sensible Heat Factor (Sensible Heat Ratio) 72 Problems 75 Bibliography 78 4 Design Conditions Indoor Design Conditions 79 Outdoor Design Conditions: Weather Data 87 Other Factors Affecting Design 135 Temperatures in Adjacent Unconditioned Spaces 135 Problems 140 Bibliography 141 SI Tables and Figures 142 5 Load Estimating Fundamentals General Considerations 145 Outdoor Air Load Components 145 Heat-Transfer Coefficients 159 Calculating Surface Temperatures 170 Problems 171 Bibliography 177 SI Figures and Tables 178 6 Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations Background 191 General Guidelines 193 Cooling Load Methodology197 Heating Load Methodology 199 Nomenclature 206 Load Calculation Example 207 Problems 209 Bibliography 212 SI Figures and Tables 213 7 Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations Principles 219 Initial Design Considerations 222 Heat Gain Calculation Concepts 223 Description of Radiant Time Series (RTS) 245 Cooling Load Calculation Using RTS 249 Heating Load Calculations 254 Design Loads Calculation Example 254 Problems 263 Bibliography 266 SI Figures and Tables 268 8 Energy Estimating Methods General Considerations 279 Component Modeling and Loads 280 Overall Modeling Strategies 281 Integration of System Models 282 Degree-Day Methods 283 Bin Method (Heating and Cooling) 292 Problems 294 Bibliography 298 9 Duct and Pipe Sizing Duct Systems 299 Fans 336 Air-Diffusing Equipment 343 Pipe, Tube, and Fittings 344 Pumps 349 Problems 351 References 355 SI Figures and Tables 356 10 Life-Cycle Costs General Concepts 363 Common Terms and Definitions 363 Owning Costs 363 Operating Costs 366 Life-Cycle Cost Techniques 368 Problems 369 References 369 Part IIHVAC Systems 11 Air-Conditioning System Concepts System Objectives and Categories 371 System Selection and Design 372 Design Parameters 372 Performance Requirements 373 Focusing on System Options 373 Narrowing the Choice 374 Energy Considerations of Air Systems 375 Basic Central Air-Conditioning and Distribution System 376 Smoke Management 377 Components 378 Air Distribution 381 Space Heating 382 Primary Systems 383 Space Requirements 385 Problems 387 Bibliography 390 12 System Configurations Introduction 391 Selecting the System 392 Multiple-Zone Control Systems 392 Ventilation and Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS) 395 All-Air System with DOAS Unit 396 Air-and-Water Systems with VAC Unit 396 In-Space Temperature Control Systems 396 Problems 402 Bibliography 405 13 Hydronic Heating and Cooling System Design Introduction 407 Closed Water Systems 408 Design Considerations 415 Design Procedures 424 Problems 427 Bibliography 428 14 Unitary and Room Air Conditioners Unitary Air Conditioners 429 Combined Unitary and Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems 431 Window Air Conditioners 431 Through-the-Wall Conditioner System 432 Typical Performance 433 Minisplits, Multisplits, and Variable-Refrigerant-Flow (VRF) Systems 433 Water-Source Heat Pumps 434 Problems 435 Bibliography 435 15 Panel Heating and Cooling Systems General 437 Types 438 Design Steps 440 Problems 441 Bibliography 441 16 Heat Pump, (regeneration, and Heat Recovery Systems General 443 Types of Heat Pumps 443 Heat Sources and Sinks 445 Cogeneration 448 Heat Recovery Terminology and Concepts 449 Heat Recovery Systems 451 Problems 453 Bibliography 454 SI Figures 454 Part III HVAC Equipment 17 Air-Processing Equipment Air-Handling Equipment 457 Cooling Coils 457 Heating Coils 462 Evaporative Air-Cooling Equipment 463 Air Washers 463 Dehumidification 464 Humidification 466 Air Cleaners 469 Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment 472 Economizers 480 Problems 480 Bibliography 482 SI Tablle 482 18 Refrigeration Equipment Mechanical Vapor Compression 483 Absorption Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment 501 Cooling Towers. 505 Problems 506 Bibliography 509 SI Table 510 19 Heating Equipment Fuels and Combustion 511 Burners 514 Residential Furnaces 515 Commercial Furnaces 517 Boilers 5 19 Terminal Units 522 Electric Heating 524 Problems 525 Bibliography . 526 20 Heat Exchange Equipment Modes of Heat Transfer 527 Heat Exchangers 533 Basic Heat Exchanger Design Equation 535 Estimation of Heat Load 535 Mean Temperature Difference 535 Estimation of the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient U 535 Extended Surfaces, Fin Efficiency, and Fin-Tube Contact Resistance 537 Fouling Factors 537 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients /z, and ho 539 Calculation of Heat Exchanger Surface Area and Overall Size 541 Fluids and Their Thermophysical Properties. 543 Example Finned-Tube Heat Exchanger Design 543 Problems 543 Bibliography 544 Appendices Appendix ASI for HVAC&R General 545 Units 545 Symbols 546 Prefixes 547 Numbers 547 Words 548 Appendix B Systems Design Problems Combination Water Chillers 551 Absorption Chiller Selection 551 Owning and Operating Costs 552 Animal Rooms 552 Greenhouse 554 Drying Room 555 Air Washer 555 Two-Story Building 555 Motel 556 Building Renovation 556 Building with Neutral Deck Multizone 557 Index CD-ROM: RTS Method Load Calculation Spreadsheet (inside front cover)