1. ECOLOGY AND ECO SYSTEMS 1-22 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Environment 1 1.3 Components Of Environment 1 1.4 Structure Of The Atmosphere 3 1.5 The Hydrologic Cycle 4 1.6 The Nutrient Cycles 6 1.7 Ecosystem 9 1.8 Energy Flow Through Ecosystem 12 1.9 Food Webs And Food Chains 13 1.10 Cycles In The Ecosphere 15 1.11 Evolution Of Ecosystems 18 1.12 Fossil Fuel Related Pollutants In The Environment 20 2. WATER QUALITY 23-37 2.1. Introduction . 23 2.2 Units Of Measurement 24 2.3 Material Balance 24 2.4 Energy 26 2.5 Fundamental Concepts In Chemistry 29 2.6 Chemical Equilibrium 31 2.7 Municipal Waste Water Treatment & Nitrogen Removal 33 2.8. Organic Chemistry 35 3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 38-68 (Water, Soil & Air) 3.1 Water Pollution 38 3.2 Types of Water Pollutants 38 3.3 Bacteriology of Water 41 3.4 Bacteriology of Sewage Treatment 42 3.5 Water Pollution Laws And Standards 43 3.6 Effect Of Water Pollution 43 3.7 Soil Pollution 45 3.8 Components In Soil 46 3.9 Nutrients 47 3.10 Stress On Soil 49 3.11 Air Pollution 50 3.12 Classification Of Air Pollutant 51 3.13 Air Pollution And Their Effect 51 3.14 Global Air Pollution 58 3.15 Global Warming 59 3.16 Ozone Science 63 3.17 Acid Rain : What cause Acid Rain ? 65 4. WASTE MANAGEMENT 69-88 4.1 Waste Water Treatment . 69 4.2 Unit Operations And Processes 70 4.3 Preliminary And Primary Treatment 71 4.4 Secondary (Biological) Treatment 72 4.5 Solid Waste Management 79 4.6 Sources and Types of Solid Wastes 79 4.7 Collection Services 81 4.8 Disposal Methods 83 4.9 Hazardous Waste Management 84 4.10 Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes 85 4.11 Hazardous Waste Treatment Methods 86 5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 89-104 5.1 Environmental Pollution 89 5.2 Sources of Pollution 89 5.3 Minimisation of Pollution , 90 5.4 Clean Technology Options 90 5.5 Clean Production Options For Electroplating And Textile & Dyeing Industry 91 5.6 Advantages of Cleaner Production 93 5.7 The Heirarchy of Control of Waste Management 95 5.8 Waste Minimization Techniques & Technologies 97 5.9 Environmental Impact Assessment And Audits 99 Annexure I : Water, Air and Noise Standards 105-113 Annexure II : Pollution Control Board and Pollution Control Acts 114 - 126